Psychology Chapter on Emotion and Decision-Making

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Questions and Answers

What effect does increased activation in the nucleus accumbens have on mood?

It increases positive affect. (correct)

It leads to emotional regulation.

It causes attention narrowing.

It dampens negative affect.

Which of the following is a limitation of emotion regulation research?

Most people effectively use emotion-regulation strategies without training.

Distinct separation between emotion generation and regulation is well defined.

Behavioral strategies are universally effective.

Effectiveness is influenced by complex individual and situational interactions. (correct)

How does mood impact the scope of attention?

Mood has no impact on attention.

Negative mood results in a narrower scope of attention. (correct)

Positive mood leads to a narrower focus of attention.

Negative mood corresponds with a wider scope of attention.

What is the primary relationship between attention and memory?

Attention determines the focus of what you remember. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about emotional regulation strategies is true?

Many people do not use emotion-regulation strategies, even when trained. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between negative moods and decision-making?

Negative moods are correlated with pessimism and risk-aversion. Signup and view all the answers

What effect do positive mood states have on decision-making?

They encourage optimism and risk-seeking. Signup and view all the answers

What are integral emotions in decision-making?

Emotions elicited by making judgments or decisions. Signup and view all the answers

What is myopic misery in the context of decision-making?

An excessive focus on replacing lost rewards. Signup and view all the answers

How do anxious individuals typically approach decision-making?

They are more inclined to be risk-averse. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes incidental emotions?

They arise during a judgment that is unrelated to the situation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general goal of individuals regarding their mood states?

To avoid negative feelings and increase positive feelings. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following moods is correlated with risk-seeking behavior?

Sadness Signup and view all the answers

What type of biases can attentional training help to reduce?

Attentional biases Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk factor for developing major depressive disorder?

Dysfunctional negative attitudes Signup and view all the answers

Which study investigated the effects of attentional training on anxiety levels?

MacLeod et al. (2002) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of interpretive biases?

They contribute to negative thoughts. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies suggests a connection between attentional biases and anxiety levels?

Matthews and MacLeod (2002) Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome remains to be determined regarding attentional training?

It can reduce automatic attentional biases. Signup and view all the answers

Changing which type of biases can lead to altered anxiety levels?

Interpretive biases Signup and view all the answers

What type of procedure is referred to as ATT?

Attention Training Procedure Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of monocular cues in depth perception?

They include linear perspective and motion parallax Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT part of how information from different depth cues is combined?

Magnitude Signup and view all the answers

How does amblyopia affect depth perception?

Impairs stereopsis depth perception Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of size constancy in perception?

Objects retain apparent size despite distance changes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the size-distance invariance hypothesis?

Retinal size and perceived distance are proportional Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about binocular cues?

They are based on differences between two retinal images Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misunderstanding concerning colour constancy?

It varies significantly among different individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which cue is an example of monocular depth perception?

Interposition Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the narrative self according to Humphrey?

It aids in navigating the social world. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the easy problems from the hard problems of consciousness, according to Chalmers?

Easy problems are about functions carried out by conscious systems, while hard problems address the nature of consciousness itself. Signup and view all the answers

What is described as the central mystery regarding consciousness?

Why conscious experience arises from unconscious functions. Signup and view all the answers

How does the author describe visual experience in relation to consciousness?

It is similar to internal processes and comparable to dreams. Signup and view all the answers

What question does Chalmers raise regarding consciousness and information processing?

How information processing can occur without any conscious experience. Signup and view all the answers

What does introspection suggest about the relationship between conscious thoughts and actions?

Conscious thoughts appear to cause actions. Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested by the phrase 'stream of visual consciousness'?

The outside world and our experience of it are integrated processes. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of consciousness does Velmans highlight regarding visual experience?

It is more internally driven than previously assumed. Signup and view all the answers

What types of visual information do cones primarily process?

Colour and detail perception Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rods in human vision?

Vision in dim light Signup and view all the answers

Which visual area is primarily responsible for motion perception?

V5 (MT in humans) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the visual cortex is emphasized in Zeki's functional specialization theory?

Specialization for distinct visual processing tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct about ganglion cells?

They can receive input from either rods or cones. Signup and view all the answers

What does the functional specialization theory suggest about V1 and V2?

They are involved in basic visual processing. Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the retina are rods primarily located?

In the periphery Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'binding problem' in vision?

Understanding how different visual features are combined into a single perception Signup and view all the answers

Which area in the visual cortex is linked to face perception?

OFA Signup and view all the answers

What is one key criticism of Zeki's functional specialization theory?

The assumption that visual brain areas are highly specialized Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Language Study Notes

Orthography is the study of word letters and word spelling
Phonology is the study of word sounds and parts of words
Semantics is the meaning conveyed by words, phrases, and sentences
Lexicon is the vocabulary and knowledge of a language, e.g., vocabulary of a person
Prosody is the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech, providing important information beyond a sentence's literal word meaning
Syntax is the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences
Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words
Discourse refers to written, spoken, and signed communication (formal or informal)

Cognitive Neuroscience Study Notes

Brodmann mapped cell structure and distribution in the brain (first accurate map).
Bullmore and Sporns described the principle of cost control within the brain - it has to cope with limited space, connections, neuron die, etc.
Different techniques are used to measure cognitive functions in different parts of the brain (spatial/temporal resolutions)
EEG (electroencephalography), is used to measure event-related potentials
PET (positron emission tomography) is a technique
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) is a technique
MEG (magnetoencephalography) is a technique
TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) is a technique.
Computational modelling and artificial intelligence can also be applied to cognition

Problem Solving Study Notes

Problems require a method to bridge a gap between conflicting states or goals.
Problem solving is a conscious, multi-step process.
Analogical problem solving: constantly using past experiences and knowledge to solve new problems. This involves finding similarities between new and past problems; we use previous solutions effectively in new contexts
Expertise: specialised knowledge of a specific area in the brain which plays a key role in solving problems.
Heuristics are mental shortcuts that simplify decision-making; however, they can occasionally lead to mistakes
Cognitive miserliness: someone who is economical with their time and effort when performing a thinking task,
Functional fixedness is the inflexible focus on the usual function of an object to the exclusion of other potential uses; this can be overcome by recognizing non-obvious features.
Representational change theory: explains how changing a problem’s representation can solve roadblocks in problem solving; it can involve relaxed constraints or re-encoding ideas or elaboration

Everyday Memory Study Notes

Everyday memory involves memory for remote events, social factors, and motivations
Autobiographical memory involves memories of personal significance that involve mentalising (the ability to think about your own mental states and those of others)
Autobiographical memories are likely stored at multiple areas in the brain, unlike memories of facts which are mainly stored in the medial temporal lobe (MTL)
Memories can be strongly influenced by time, emotions, and context, which can lead to inaccuracies in recall or biases
Distinctions can be made between implicit and explicit memories; implicit memory does not involve conscious retrieval, and can be detected through changes in behaviour rather than through asking someone to explicitly retrieve the memory.
Memories can be distorted by misinformation

Consciousness Study Notes

Consciousness can be defined as subjective experience.
Chalmers distinguishes between ‘easy’ and ‘hard’ problems; easy problems concern observable functions, while ‘hard’ problems concern how these functions come together to produce a subjective experience.
The theory of apparent mental causation (AMCA) outlines a theory about perception of 'choice' based on temporal ordering of events
The multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) technique uses fMRI to determine brain areas involved in consciousness, and it can predict a decision before people are aware of it.

Memory Study Notes

Working memory is a system that retains information for temporary use in tasks.
It has limited capacity and the information is lost through displacement.
Short-term memory (STM) is a component of working memory, specifically referring to retaining information for performing simple cognitive tasks
Neuropsychological studies of patients with brain damage have shown that short-term and long-term memory are separable abilities.
Three memory stores exist: sensory, short term, and long term memory. Sensory memory temporarily stores information, short-term memory processes and stores information for brief periods, whereas long-term memory stores information for extended periods
The levels-of-processing theory proposes that deeper processing of information leads to better recall.
Retrieval effects:
Testing effect: retrieval attempts improve long-term memory.
Encoding specificity: when retrieval conditions match encoding, retrieval will be facilitated; in contrast, if retrieval conditions are not compatible with encoding, there will be less retrieval.
Proactive interference: previous learning impedes learning of new information.
Retroactive interference: recently learned information impedes recall of previously learned material.
There are several different models of memory, including the multicomponent model of working memory, emphasizing the component roles of different structures for different tasks rather than retaining everything at once.

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Description

This quiz delves into the complex interactions between mood and decision-making processes. It explores topics such as emotion regulation, the effects of mood on attention, and how emotional states influence choices. Test your understanding of these critical psychological concepts.