30 Questions
What is the combination of physiological and cognitive responses to experiences known as?
Subjective feelings
Which theory suggests that neurological and biological systems have evolved to allow humans to experience a set of innate, basic emotions?
Discrete emotions theory
What are the innate emotions that were important for survival and communication, and largely automatic, called?
Basic emotions
What evidence supports the idea that basic emotions are universal across cultures?
Basic emotions present from infancy
What do variations in intensity of basic emotions illustrate?
High and low levels of the same basic emotion
What do combinations of basic emotions such as anger + sadness result in?
Complex emotions
At what age do infants begin expressing anger?
4 months
When does fear typically emerge in infants?
7 months
At what age does separation anxiety begin to decline?
15 months
When do self-conscious emotions such as guilt and shame emerge?
2 years
At what age do infants rudimentary recognize others' emotions, distinguishing facial expressions of happiness, surprise, and anger?
3 months
Which emotional state emerges first in infants?
Happiness
Which brain regions are mentioned as contributing to adolescent risk-taking?
Limbic system and prefrontal cortex
What is associated with adolescents' heightened risk-taking behavior?
Maturational imbalance between the fully matured limbic system and the still-developing prefrontal cortex
What does the dimensional approach to temperament assess?
Five key dimensions, including smiling and laughter, distress/anger, fear, attention span, and activity level
What is correlated with self-reported risk-taking in daily life during adolescence?
The limbic system's heightened reward processing
What is associated with difficulties in inhibition, impulse control, and planning in adolescents?
Immature prefrontal cortex
What is thought to be genetically based and consistent over time and contexts?
Temperament, including emotion, self-regulation, activity level, and attention
What is the term for quickly reflecting a child's emotions through verbal and non-verbal cues, validating and normalizing their emotions?
Mirroring
Which parental reaction to children's emotions involves teaching children how to cope with, regulate, and express emotions?
Emotional coaching
What is the impact of parental high expression of positive emotions on children's emotional development?
Leads to children expressing more positive emotions and having better social skills
What can lack of emotional expression from parents lead to in children?
Children struggling to express, identify, and regulate emotions
What type of parental reaction is associated with higher self-esteem and better school performance in children?
Mirroring and emotional coaching
In the 'still face paradigm' experiment, what did infants demonstrate when parents did not react as expected?
Infants demonstrated distress
At what age do children begin to develop the ability to identify and label emotions?
Around 3 years old
What is co-regulation crucial for in children's development?
The development of emotion regulation
When do rudimentary emotion regulation skills start to emerge in infants?
Around 5 months old
At what age do children start to rely more on self-distraction than self-comforting behaviors for emotion regulation?
Over the first few years of life
What does the marshmallow test demonstrate about children's emotion regulation?
Children begin to engage in different techniques of emotion regulation, mainly distraction, from an early age
At what age do children start to rely on cognitive strategies and problem-solving as forms of emotion regulation?
6-8 years old
Study Notes
Development of Emotion Regulation in Children and Adolescents
- Social referencing is the use of parents' facial expressions and tone of voice by infants to navigate novel or ambiguous situations.
- A visual cliff experiment demonstrated that children can distinguish between emotional expressions and rely on parents' reactions to guide their own reactions.
- Children often look to their parents for guidance on how to react to situations.
- Children begin to develop the ability to identify and label emotions around the age of 3, and this ability improves over early childhood.
- By age 5, children understand that people can experience multiple emotions simultaneously, and they begin to grasp the concept of display rules for emotions.
- Understanding false emotions emerges around age 5, which is crucial for successful social interactions.
- Emotion regulation, the conscious and unconscious processes used to manage emotional experiences and expressions, develops gradually during childhood.
- Co-regulation, where parents regulate infants' distress through soothing or distraction, is crucial for the development of emotion regulation.
- Rudimentary emotion regulation skills, such as self-comforting behaviors and self-distraction, start to emerge in infants around 5 months old.
- Over the first few years of life, children learn to rely more on self-distraction than self-comforting behaviors for emotion regulation.
- The marshmallow test shows that children begin to engage in different techniques of emotion regulation, mainly distraction, from an early age.
- By 6-8 years old, children start to rely on cognitive strategies and problem-solving as forms of emotion regulation, which can lead to higher well-being and social skills.
Test your knowledge of the development of emotion regulation in children and adolescents with this quiz. Explore topics such as social referencing, the ability to identify and label emotions, co-regulation, and the emergence of different emotion regulation skills in early childhood.
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