Psychology Chapter on Conditioning and Motivation

False (B)

They fire when performing or observing a motor skill, supporting observational learning.

<p>reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observational learning = Learning by watching others Positive reinforcement = Rewarding a behavior to increase its frequency Mirror neurons = Neurons that react to both action and observation Hierarchical needs = Maslow's theory for prioritizing needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrinsic motivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not very effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrinsic motivation = Internal values driving behavior Extrinsic motivation = External rewards driving behavior Operant conditioning = Learning from consequences of behavior Classical conditioning = Learning through association of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can undermine intrinsic motivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a rigid perspective that ignores alternative explanations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intense fear, avoidance behavior, physical symptoms, irrational response, and persistent anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fixed ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variable ratio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates basic survival responses to environmental stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It means a stimulus similar to the conditioned one can trigger the same response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves creating a connection between two stimuli automatically. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learned helplessness is the perception that one cannot escape negative situations due to learned behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive reinforcement adds something pleasant, while negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To teach animals which lever to pull to avoid shocks or gain rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>recur</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consequences are the main cause of increased or decreased behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps establish connections between actions and consequences, promoting behavior change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An experiment demonstrating observational learning through children's imitation of adults' behavior.

Learning that occurs by watching the behavior of others and the consequences of those behaviors.

Children showed increased aggressive behaviors after observing adults being positively reinforced for similar actions.

Neurons that activate during both the action and observation of a behavior, facilitating learning.

A motivational theory proposing that humans have a hierarchy of needs that must be met sequentially.

A learning process where two stimuli become associated, leading to a specific behavior.

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

An originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

A learning process that uses rewards and punishments to shape behavior.

The drive to perform an activity for its own sake, due to internal satisfaction.

The drive to perform an activity to earn rewards or avoid punishment from external sources.

The theory that adding external incentives can undermine intrinsic motivation.

The principle that human behavior is primarily motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain.

Addition of a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

Behaviors that are reinforced are likely to be repeated, while those punished are less likely.

A controlled environment for studying operant conditioning with rewards and punishments.

The study of observable behavior, focusing on stimuli and consequences.

A system where tokens are given for desired behaviors, which can be exchanged for rewards.

Punishment should be used carefully as it can lead to fear and resentment.

A method that decreases behavior, often with negative impacts.

Viewing a problem in only one way, ignoring alternatives.

A method of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a desired behavior.

A neurotransmitter linked to pleasure and reward anticipation.

Learning that occurs without immediate demonstration until motivation arises.

A reinforcement schedule where a reward is given after a set number of responses.

A reinforcement schedule where rewards are given after an unpredictable number of responses.

The oldest part of the brain, responsible for basic survival functions and responses like anxiety.

Three basic needs used to explain behavior: physiological, safety, and social.

The tendency for similar stimuli to trigger the same conditioned response.

Classical conditioning links two stimuli; operant conditioning links behavior to consequences.

To change behavior, adjust the consequences such as rewards or punishments.

The belief that one cannot escape from negative situations, learned from past failures.

Positive reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus; negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus.