General Psychology II Learning, Emotions & Motivation Past Paper 2024/25 PDF

21-01-2025 Dr. Ingo Bildstein General Psychology II Learning Emotions and Motivation ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​...

21-01-2025 Dr. Ingo Bildstein General Psychology II Learning Emotions and Motivation ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Item Universe Mapping the Key Examination Material of the Lecture General Psychology: Learning, Emotions and Motivation – Winter Term 2024/25 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1.​ Define what classical conditioning is and explain its four key terms for designating core stimuli that are of central importance within that paradigm. Classical conditioning is a learning theory/process in which two stimuli become connected, particular behavior becomes associated with certain stimuli. unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned response and conditioned response ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2.​ What is the role of reward and punishment in operant conditioning? Reward and punishment reinforces behavior in the sense that the consequences dictates whether or not behavior will be displayed ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3.​ Give a practical example of operant conditioning and evaluate its explanatory power in understanding human behavior. For instance, a parent might monetarily reward their child for receiving a high grade in school (positive reinforcement)​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4.​ How do you evaluate shock images on cigarette packs regarding their capacity to prevent smoking? Not very effective. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 5.​ Describe the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is driven by a person’s internal values and priorities whereas extrinsic motivation is driven by external encouragement or rewards ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 6.​ Outline the key ideas of motivational crowding theory. This theory suggest that adding incentives to encourage certain behaviors might in fact undermine the person’s intrinsic motivation of completing said behavior or task ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7.​ Which role does the principle of hedonism play to explain human behavior?  21-01-2025 Dr. Ingo Bildstein General Psychology II Learning Emotions and Motivation ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 8.​ Describe three human needs used in current research to explain human behaviour.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 9.​ What does the phenomenon of generalization mean within the classical conditioning paradigm? Generalization refers to the idea that a stimulus similar to that which has been conditioned can also trigger the same conditioned response. 10.​Describe an application example in which human behavior is explainable by principles derived from classical conditioning. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 11.​How does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning? Classical conditioning is the associated and connection between two stimuli that happens automatically, whereas operant conditioning is the production of behavior influenced by its consequences. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 12.​What needs to be adapted in the context of the operant conditioning approach in general to change behavior in a desired direction? The consequences followed by the behavior, such as reward or punishment ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 13.​What is the key idea of learned helplessness according to Martin Seligman and how relates this phenomenon to operant conditioning? The perception in animals and humans that a threat or negative situation cannot be avoided due to learned behavior that suggest they are helpless is the situation​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 14.​What is the role of higher cognitive processes in the operant conditioning paradigm? Trick question!!!!​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 15.​Outline the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment in the operant conditioning paradigm. negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant as a reward to reinforce behavior, whereas punishment is the addition of something unpleasant to decrease the frequency of certain behavior ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 16.​Explain the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is the addition of something pleasant to increase behavior, whereas negative reinforcement removes something negative to increase behavior (no homework this week because you all behaved excellently) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 17.​Describe Thorndike's “law of effect”. ​  21-01-2025 Dr. Ingo Bildstein General Psychology II Learning Emotions and Motivation Behaviors that are encouraged by refinement are more likely to recur in the future, whereas behavior discouraged by punishment is less likely to recur ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 18.​Describe the setup of a “Skinner Box”. An animal, typically a bird or rat is kept in a box which has levels it can pull to either avoid electric shocks or gain a reward. The animals learn which lever to pull based on the theory of operant conditioning. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 19.​How can you tell that reinforcement practically works, seen from the perspective of behaviorism? Since behaviorism is the study of observable behavior without the regard of mental processes we can argue that consequences are the main cause of increased or decreased behavior ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 20.​Give a practical example of how to trigger a change in behavior using the "token economy” approach.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 21.​Which line of thinking, going back to the principles of behaviorism, strongly influences modern scientific psychology to this day? Classical conditioning?​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 22.​Why is association learning relevant to changing human behavior?​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 23.​Discuss why punishment should be used very carefully when trying to modify human behavior? Punishment essentially decreases behavior and it can also have negative impact in the person ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 24.​Give an example of a fixed and a variable ratio reinforcement schedule.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 25.​What role does our phylogenetically oldest brain region, the "reptilian brain" play in our response to environmental stimuli triggering anxiety?​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 26.​Describe the five core characteristics defining a phobia.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 27.​Discuss the role of sudden insight in the five dot problem.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 28.​What is cognitive fixation? Cognitive fixation is the idea that a situation/problem/object is only viewed in one specific way with the notion that alternative explanations or approaches are neglected (example is the eight-coin problem)​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 29.​Describe the “shaping approach” using the example of the dog Agnes going back to the work of B. F. Skinner.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​  21-01-2025 Dr. Ingo Bildstein General Psychology II Learning Emotions and Motivation 30.​Describe a classic experiment showing how animals are influenced much stronger by their deep evolutionary preferences in learning cognitive maps – and are thereby much less influenced by their current learning history.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 31.​What is the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in learning in both humans and animals? Dopamine is a reward neurotransmitter that increases pleasure from anticipation. It is connected to the sense of having a craving or desire. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 32.​Discuss the role of expectations in classic conditioning by using the example of a dog anticipating food at the same time each day.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 33.​What is latent learning - and why is it important in explaining human and animal behavior? Latent learning is the idea that behaviours are learned covertly and are not displayed until there is motivation to do so. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 34.​What is the finding of the classic Bobo Doll experiment? The Bobo Doll experiment contributed to the idea of observational learning, in which we learn in social contexts by observing others and evaluating their experiences and behavior. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 35.​What is the role of reinforcement in the classic Bobo Doll experiment? Children watched as the adults were praised (positively reinforced) when hitting the dolls and hence were more likely to engage in the same behavior. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 36.​ What role do mirror neurons play in social learning? Mirror neurons fire both when performing a certain motor skill and also when observing someone else performing the same skill. This supports the idea of observational learning in the sense that we can learn behavior simply by watching others engage in certain activities or behaviors. Maslow's pyramid of needs: -​ people are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs -​ some needs are more pressing than others -​ these must be satisfied before the less pressing needs -​ animals share the same needs  21-01-2025 Dr. Ingo Bildstein General Psychology II Learning Emotions and Motivation ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​