Questions and Answers
What are the processes involved in memory?
What does the 'modal model of memory' describe?
An integrated system for processing information that includes input, sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory.
What is sensory memory?
The first stage of the modal model of memory where detected information by the senses enters.
What is iconic memory?
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What is echoic memory?
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What is haptic memory?
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What is short term memory?
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What does digit span refer to?
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What is the digit capacity of short term memory?
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What is chunking?
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What are expertise effects in memory?
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What is coding in memory?
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What is auditory coding?
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What is visual coding?
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What is semantic coding?
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What does physiological coding refer to?
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What is mental coding?
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What is proactive interference?
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What is long term memory?
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What are control processes in memory?
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What is persistence of vision?
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Study Notes
Memory
- Involves processes for retaining, retrieving, and utilizing information from stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills.
- Functions persist even after the original information is absent.
Modal Model of Memory
- Developed by Atkinson and Schiffrin, based on a computer model for human cognition.
- Describes memory as an integrated system that processes and represents information.
- Memory consists of interconnected components, not isolated functions.
- Features limitations in space, resources, and time.
- Stages of memory flow: input ➔ sensory memory ➔ short-term memory (STM) ➔ long-term memory (LTM).
Sensory Memory
- The initial stage of the modal model.
- Holds brief impressions of sensory information, decadently short-lived.
- Registers extensive information almost instantaneously that fills in gaps but decays quickly.
Iconic Memory
- Specific to visual stimuli.
- Characterized by rapid decay of visual information.
Echoic Memory
- Involves auditory stimuli.
- Helps in retaining sounds for a brief period after the stimulus is perceived.
Haptic Memory
- Concerns tactile stimuli.
- Represents the memory of touch sensations.
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- The second stage of the modal model.
- Houses attended information from sensory memory for a limited time, typically 15-20 seconds.
- Stores small amounts of new and retrieved information from long-term memory.
Digit Span
- A measure of how many digits an individual can remember in a sequence.
STM Capacity
- Typically around 7 plus or minus 2 items, indicating a limited storage capacity.
Chunking
- The process of grouping small units of information into larger, meaningful units.
- Can be trained to enhance memory and recall.
Expertise Effects
- Illustrated by chess studies showing masters excel at recalling known positions but lose advantages with random setups.
Coding
- Refers to how information is represented in memory.
- Can involve auditory, visual, or semantic coding forms.
Auditory Coding
- Specific to short-term memory, relying on verbal information processing.
Visual Coding
- Also occurs in short-term memory, dealing with images and visual representations.
Semantic Coding
- Involves processing information based on its meaning in short-term memory.
Physiological Coding
- Representation of stimuli through neural firing patterns.
Mental Coding
- How experiences or stimuli are represented cognitively in the mind.
Proactive Interference
- Occurs when previously learned information disrupts the acquisition of new information, hindering learning.
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- The third stage of the modal model.
- Information rehearsed in STM may transition to LTM; unrehearsed information faces loss through decay or displacement.
Control Processes
- Active, intentional strategies used to enhance memory retention, such as rehearsal or focused attention.
Persistence of Vision
- The phenomenon of retaining visual perception post-stimulus, evidenced by lingering effects like a sparkler's trail.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the modal model of memory as outlined in Chapter 5 of psychology. It covers key concepts such as memory processes and the Atkinson and Schiffrin model, highlighting the importance of information retention and retrieval. Test your understanding of these foundational theories in cognitive psychology.
