Podcast
Questions and Answers
The multi-store model of memory was created by Atkinson and ______ in 1968.
The multi-store model of memory was created by Atkinson and ______ in 1968.
Shiffrin
The three stores of information in the multi-store model are the sensory register, short term memory, and ______ memory.
The three stores of information in the multi-store model are the sensory register, short term memory, and ______ memory.
long term
The sensory register has a large, potentially unlimited capacity and a very short ______, lasting for approximately 250 milliseconds.
The sensory register has a large, potentially unlimited capacity and a very short ______, lasting for approximately 250 milliseconds.
duration
Short term memory coding is ______, meaning information is stored in the form of sound.
Short term memory coding is ______, meaning information is stored in the form of sound.
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Information is transferred to long term memory through ______, which can be either maintenance or elaborative.
Information is transferred to long term memory through ______, which can be either maintenance or elaborative.
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If information is not passed to long term memory, it is lost from short term memory due to ______ or decay.
If information is not passed to long term memory, it is lost from short term memory due to ______ or decay.
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Long term memory coding is ______, meaning information is stored as part of a meaningful set of connections.
Long term memory coding is ______, meaning information is stored as part of a meaningful set of connections.
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Glanzer showed the - effect where participants remembered the first and last words of a list.
Glanzer showed the - effect where participants remembered the first and last words of a list.
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Sperling (1960) flashed a grid of 20 letters for 20 milliseconds, indicating that the sensory register has a larger capacity than ______.
Sperling (1960) flashed a grid of 20 letters for 20 milliseconds, indicating that the sensory register has a larger capacity than ______.
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Baddeley's research showed that recall was worse for acoustically ______ words in immediate recall.
Baddeley's research showed that recall was worse for acoustically ______ words in immediate recall.
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Jacobs’ research indicated that participants could recall an average of 9 ______, but only 7 letters.
Jacobs’ research indicated that participants could recall an average of 9 ______, but only 7 letters.
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Miller (1956) demonstrated that ______ can increase the capacity of short-term memory.
Miller (1956) demonstrated that ______ can increase the capacity of short-term memory.
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Peterson and Peterson's experiment showed that trigrams could only be recalled for ______ seconds.
Peterson and Peterson's experiment showed that trigrams could only be recalled for ______ seconds.
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Wagenaar (1986) found that participants had 75% recall after one year, suggesting that the capacity of ______ is vast.
Wagenaar (1986) found that participants had 75% recall after one year, suggesting that the capacity of ______ is vast.
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Bahrick (1975) showed that recall was 90% after ______ years, indicating the durability of long-term memory.
Bahrick (1975) showed that recall was 90% after ______ years, indicating the durability of long-term memory.
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The multi-store model is criticized for being simplistic and lacking ______ validity.
The multi-store model is criticized for being simplistic and lacking ______ validity.
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Study Notes
The Multi-Store Model of Memory
- The multi-store model of memory was created by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). It proposes that information is processed in a linear fashion through a series of passive stores.
- The three stores of information in the multi-store model are the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Each has its own coding, capacity, and duration.
- Coding refers to the format in which information is stored. Capacity refers to how much information can be stored. Duration refers to how long that information can be held for.
- The sensory register receives sensory information directly from the five main senses.
- The sensory register's coding is modality specific, meaning it depends on the sense organ.
- The sensory register has a large and potentially unlimited capacity. Its duration is very short, lasting approximately 250 milliseconds.
- The sensory register receives information from the senses simultaneously.
- Information from the sensory register is transferred to short-term memory through attention. If information is not attended to, it is lost.
- Short-term memory coding is primarily acoustic, meaning information is stored in the form of sound.
- The short-term memory duration is between 18 seconds and 30 seconds.
- The capacity of short-term memory is approximately 7 items, plus or minus 2.
- Information is transferred to long-term memory through rehearsal. This can be either maintenance rehearsal (repeating information) or elaborative rehearsal (linking new information to existing knowledge).
- If information is not passed to long-term memory, it is lost from short-term memory due to displacement (new information replaces old) or decay (information simply disappears over time).
- Long-term memory coding is largely semantic, meaning information is stored as part of a meaningful set of connections.
- The capacity and duration of long-term memory are potentially vast and unlimited.
Research Evidence for the Multi-Store Model
- Glanzer (1966) demonstrated the primacy-recency effect, where participants best recalled the first and last items of a list, but struggled with the middle items. This suggests that the first words were transferred to long-term memory, while the last words displaced the middle words in short-term memory.
- Sperling (1960) flashed a grid of 20 letters onto a screen for 20 milliseconds and asked participants to recall one row. With practice, participants were very accurate, demonstrating that the sensory register has a larger capacity than short-term memory.
- Baddeley (1966) had participants recall lists of words that were either acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar, or semantically dissimilar. Immediate recall was worse for acoustically similar words, while recall after 20 minutes showed poorer performance for semantically similar words. This suggests that short-term memory is primarily acoustic in coding, and long-term memory is largely semantic.
- Jacobs' research (1887) showed participants could recall an average of 9 numbers, but 7 letters. This indicates the limited capacity of short-term memory.
- Miller (1956) highlighted how chunking can increase the capacity of short-term memory. Chunking is grouping items into meaningful units.
- Peterson and Peterson's experiment showed that participants could only recall trigrams (three meaningless consonants) for 18-30 seconds with an interference task (counting backwards) to prevent maintenance rehearsal.
- Wagenaar (1986) maintained a diary with 2,400 entries over 6 years. He achieved 75% recall after 1 year and 45% after 5 years, suggesting vast long-term memory capacity.
- Bahrick (1975) showed participants photographs of school friends between the ages of 17 and 74. Recall was 90% accurate after 15 years and 80% after 48 years, indicating a potentially unlimited duration for long-term memory.
Evaluating the Multi-Store Model
- Much of the research on the multi-store model is artificial, lacking ecological validity and mundane realism.
- The multi-store model is simplistic. It does not account for the complexity of short-term and long-term memory, which are not passive stores.
- The multi-store model lacks face validity. It does not consider that long-term memories can encompass senses like taste and smell. Also, the capacity of short-term memory is not fixed throughout a lifetime.
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Description
Explore the Multi-Store Model of Memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin. This quiz covers the three stores of information: sensory register, short term memory, and long term memory, along with their coding, capacity, and duration. Test your understanding of how information is processed in these stores.
