Short Term & Working Memory 2024 PDF

SHORT TERM & WORKING MEMORY PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION FALL 2024  ANNOUNCEMENTS Exam 1 grades released! Journal Article Assignment #1 due 10/3 at 5:00 PM Short-term & Working Memory Lecture PollEverywhere Quiz #4 on Thursday, 10/3 PSYC 3310...

SHORT TERM & WORKING MEMORY PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION FALL 2024  ANNOUNCEMENTS Exam 1 grades released! Journal Article Assignment #1 due 10/3 at 5:00 PM Short-term & Working Memory Lecture PollEverywhere Quiz #4 on Thursday, 10/3 PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER Why can we remember a telephone number long enough to place a call, but then we forget it almost immediately? What are the limits of short-term memory and how can we get around them? How is memory involved in processes such as doing a math problem? PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION WHAT IS MEMORY? Memory: processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present Active any time some past experience has an impact on how you think or behave now or in the future PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION THE MODAL MODEL OF MEMORY Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION THE MODAL MODEL OF MEMORY Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) Three different types of memory: 1. Sensory Memory – Initial stage that holds all incoming information (large capacity) for seconds or fractions of a second (very short duration) 2. Short-term Memory – Holds five to nine items (small capacity) for about 15 to 30 seconds (short-ish duration). 3. Long-term Memory – Can hold a large amount of information for years PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION THE MODAL MODEL OF MEMORY Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) Control processes: active processes that can be controlled by the person Rehearsal Strategies used to make a stimulus more memorable Strategies of attention that help you focus on specific stimuli Example: looking up an address PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION THE MODAL MODEL OF MEMORY What happens in different parts of Rachel’s memory as she is (a, b) looking up the phone number (c) calling the pizza shop (d) memorizing the number (ENCODING) (e) she retrieves the number from long-term memory to order pizza again. (RETRIEVAL) The parts of the modal model that are outlined in red indicate which processes are activated for each action that Rachel takes. Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology, 5 th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION SENSORY MEMORY Sensory Memory: The retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation. Holds large amount of information for a short period of time Information decays very quickly Collects information Holds information for initial processing Fills in the blank Persistence of vision: retention of the perception of light Sparkler’s trail of light Frames in film PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION SENSORY MEMORY Sperling, 1960 X M L T Measuring the capacity and duration of sensory memory A F N B C D Z P Array of letters flashed quickly on a screen (50/1000 second) Participants asked to report what they saw Whole report method: participants asked to report as many as could be seen Average of 4.5 out of 12 letters (37.5%) Partial report method: participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report (tone presented immediately after the letters were turned off) – Average of 3.3 out of 4 letters (82%) – This was true of all the rows Delayed partial report method: presentation of tone delayed for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished – Performance decreases rapidly PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION  SENSORY MEMORY The decrease in performance is due to the rapid decay of sensory mem PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION SENSORY MEMORY Iconic memory: Brief sensory memory of the things that we see Responsible for persistence of vision Echoic memory: Brief sensory memory of the things that we hear Responsible for persistence of sound PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION THE MODAL MODEL OF MEMORY Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) Three different types of memory: 1. Sensory Memory – Initial stage that holds all incoming information (large capacity) for seconds or fractions of a second (very short duration) 2. Short-term Memory – Holds five to nine items (small capacity) for about 15 to 30 seconds (short-ish duration). 3. Long-term Memory – Can hold a large amount of information for years PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION SHORT-TERM MEMORY Includes both new information received from the sensory stores and information recalled from long-term memory Stores small amounts of information for a brief duration How brief? Peterson & Peterson (1959) They would say some letters and then a number. The participant had to remember the letters and when they said the number, repeat it and begin counting backwards by 3s from that number. Until they hear: RECALL RECALL = stop counting and say the three letters For example: Experimenter: “ABC 309” Participant: “309, 306, 303….” Experimenter: “RECALL” Participant: “ABC” PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION SHORT-TERM MEMORY After three seconds of counting, participants performed at 80% After18 seconds of counting, participants performed at 10% This reduction in performance is explained by the existence of decay, which is the vanishing of a memory trace due to the passage of time and exposure to competing stimuli Short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is about 15-30 seconds PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION SHORT-TERM MEMORY 5 6 8 2 1 6 9 4 0 3 5 8 1 8 2 2 1 2 5 3 7 4 “Magical number 7 0 8 9 8 3 7 16 (+/-2)” *there has been a lot of 3 5 2 8 5 9 458 debate about this…some suggest it may be closer to 6 4 5 9 8 2 9861 4-5 depending on the person and the content* PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION SHORT-TERM MEMORY Capacity of short-term memory Digit span: how many digits a person can remember Typical STM capacity is: ~5-9 items But what is an item? 1492200119651066 1492 2001 1965 1066 Chunking: small/individual units can be combined into larger meaningful units Chunk is a collection of elements strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements in other chunks PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION SHORT-TERM MEMORY Ericsson et al., (1980) Trained a college student with average memory ability to use chunking S.F. had an initial digit span of 7 After 230 one-hour training sessions, S.F. could remember up to 79 digits Chunking them into meaningful units Running times (e.g., 3.492 = 3 minutes and 49.2 seconds, near world record mile time) 893 became 89.3 = very old man Chunking enables the limited STM capacity system to deal with large amount of information necessary in everyday tasks we perform PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION THE MODAL MODEL OF MEMORY Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) Three different types of memory: 1. Sensory Memory – Initial stage that holds all incoming information (large capacity) for seconds or fractions of a second (very short duration) 2. Short-term Memory – Holds five to nine items (small capacity) for about 15 to 30 seconds (short-ish duration). 3. Long-term Memory – Can hold a large amount of information for years PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION WORKING MEMORY Similar concept to short-term memory Baddeley and Hitch (1974) Working memory (WM): limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning Working memory differs from STM STM holds information for a brief period of time WM is concerned with the processing and manipulation of information that occurs during complex cognition E.g., do long division in our head; calculate a tip, spell a word, keep a conversation going PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION  WORKING MEMORY Baddeley and Hitch (1974) Working memory must be dynamic and consist of multiple components that can function separately PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION  WORKING MEMORY: PHONOLOGICAL LOOP Baddeley and Hitch (1974) Phonological Store Articulatory rehearsal process Rehearsal: actively maintaining Limited capacity and holds items in WM by repeating them information for only a few over and over seconds Rehearsal that can keep items in Articulatory rehearsal keeps the phonological store from decaying things in this storage space PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION  WORKING MEMORY: VISUOSPATIAL SKETCH PAD Baddeley and Hitch (1974) Holds visual and spatial information Visual information = what objects look like Spatial information = relationship between objects Involved in visual imagery creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus Also involved in mental rotation tasks PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION WORKING MEMORY WM is set up to process different types of information simultaneously e.g., do a mental rotation task while listening to a conversation WM has trouble when similar types of information are presented at the same time PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION  WORKING MEMORY: CENTRAL EXECUTIVE Baddeley and Hitch (1974) Attention controller Focus, divide, switch attention Controls suppression of irrelevant information Perseveration: repeatedly performing the same action or though even if it is not achieving the desired goal patients with frontal lobe damage have difficulty controlling their attention (inhibiting), task switching PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION WORKING MEMORY: EPISODIC BUFFER Backup store that communicates with LTM and WM components Hold information longer and has greater capacity than phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION WORKING MEMORY & THE BRAIN Frontal cortex is involved in WM and attention Prefrontal cortex responsible for processing incoming visual and auditory information Monkeys without a prefrontal cortex have difficulty holding information in working memory Delayed-response task “out of sight out of mind” PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION  WORKING MEMORY & THE BRAIN unahashi et al. (1989) Single cell recordings from monkey’s prefrontal cortex during a delay-response Neurons responded when stimulus was flashed in a particular location and during delay Information remains available via these neurons for as long as they continue firing PSYC 3310 MEMORY & COGNITION