Psychology Chapter 1: Critical Thinking

<p>It studies the influence of culture and social situations on behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predicting the future outcomes of wars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding neurological influences on behavior and cognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wilhelm Wundt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Embracing challenges and learning from feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Counseling psychology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviorism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>William James (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mary Whiton Calkins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Half of the elected presidents were women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radical Behaviorism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>David G. Myers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women are increasingly represented in leadership positions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How humans are alike due to shared biology and evolutionary history (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The individual differences resulting from genetic and environmental factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the factor that is manipulated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shared ideas and behaviors transmitted from one generation to another (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A factor that may produce an effect other than the independent variable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It minimizes preexisting differences between groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning difficulties associated with specific disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent expectations from influencing outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They display similarities even when attitudes and behaviors differ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Western, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The experimental group receives the treatment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The placebo effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The psychological effects of extreme wealth on behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loneliness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependent variable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keeping other factors the same across conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To analyze one individual in depth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Describes behavior in a natural setting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Survey and interview (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The statistical direction and strength of relationship between two factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They do not provide information about cause and effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps minimize bias in research results (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both methods do not manipulate variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wording effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encourages active engagement with the material. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Critical thinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal beliefs and emotions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-testing and rehearsal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific, striking instances can distort perceptions of reality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilizing psychological science methodologies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An environment that amplifies shared beliefs and suppresses dissent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions often take precedence over factual information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Focuses on how shared biology and evolutionary history shape human similarities.

Explores individual differences due to varying genes and environments.

Shared ideas and behaviors passed from one generation to the next, shaping human experience.

Refers to Western, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic cultures often studied in psychology.

Studies how cultural factors influence human behavior and mental processes.

Similar reactions and principles despite different cultural expressions or attitudes.

Fundamental language principles that exist across different cultures.

Feelings of loneliness are often intensified by shyness and low self-esteem across cultures.

The study of how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

Methods to alter behaviors, like stopping smoking.

Explores how behavior varies across cultures and situations.

Utilizing psychological methods to solve practical problems in real-world settings.

Focuses on providing therapeutic services to enhance well-being.

Involves diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders.

Studies individuals in the context of their communities and social systems.

Evidence-based methods to enhance personal growth and academic success.

Founder of the first psychology laboratory in 1879, emphasizing experimental methods.

An early school of thought in psychology founded by Titchener that focused on analyzing the structure of mental processes.

A psychological perspective founded by William James that focuses on how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment.

A memory researcher and the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA).

The first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology and the second female president of the APA, known for her work in animal behavior.

A psychological approach that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and disregards mental processes.

A key figure in behaviorism who conducted the 'Little Albert' experiment demonstrating learned fear.

From 1997 to 2021, diversity increased in psychology leadership; many women hold positions in the APS.

The process of acquiring, retaining, and recalling knowledge or skills.

A study technique that comprises Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, and Review.

The enhanced ability to remember information due to repeated self-testing and rehearsal.

The tendency to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.

The tendency to overestimate one’s own abilities, knowledge, or predictions.

The inclination to see meaningful patterns in random data or events.

A cultural phenomenon where emotions and personal beliefs override objective facts.

An environment where a person only encounters information or opinions that reflect their own.

The process of changing one or more factors in an experiment to observe effects.

The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment, used for comparison.

The process of randomly placing participants into experimental or control groups to minimize preexisting differences.

A method where neither participants nor researchers know who receives treatment, preventing bias.

Results caused by expectations rather than actual treatment effects.

The factor that is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect.

The factor that is measured in an experiment; it may change due to the independent variable.

An external factor in an experiment that can affect the outcome, complicating results.

An in-depth examination of an individual, providing insights but not generalizable conclusions.

Observing behavior in its natural environment without manipulation, describing but not explaining it.

Methods that gather data from many cases but in less depth, potentially influenced by wording.

Technique to select a representative sample from a population to improve the validity of results.

A measure of how closely two variables change together, indicating their predictive power.

A statistical measure ranging from -1.00 to +1.00 that indicates the strength and direction of a relationship.

Correlation does not imply causation; it only indicates a relationship between two variables.

The influence that the phrasing of survey questions can have on the responses given.