PSY113 Week #1 Lecture Slides PDF

Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Chapter 1 Modules 1–3 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition ...

Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Chapter 1 Modules 1–3 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Chapter Overview  Module 1: The History and Scope of Psychology  Module 2: Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions  Module 3: Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition Module 1 Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The History and Scope of Psychology PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The History and Scope of Psychology: Psychology Is a Science  How is psychology a science?  Passion for exploring and understanding without misleading or being misled  Scientific attitude to shift fact from fiction; skepticism  Humility manifested in awareness of vulnerability to error and an openness to new perspectives PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The History and Scope of Psychology: Critical Thinking  Critical thinking and scientific attitude  Curiosity + skepticism + humility  prepares us to think smarter.  Smart thinking (critical thinking)  Examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions  Critical thinking, informed by science, helps check our biases. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The History and Scope of Psychology: Psychological Science Is Born (part 1)  Asking right questions  Psychology’s first schools of  Aristotle thought  Psychology’s first laboratory  Edward Bradford Titchener/structuralism  Wilhelm Wundt/atoms of the  William James/functionalism/ mind stream of consciousness thinking PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The History and Scope of Psychology: Psychological Science Is Born (part 2)  Psychology’s first women  Mary Whiton Calkins/memory researcher; first female APA president  Margaret Floy Washburn/ influential author; first female Ph.D.; second female APA president PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The History and Scope of Psychology: Psychological Science Is Born (part 3)  Psychology’s increasing diversity  1997 to 2021: Half of elected presidents of Association for Psychological Science (APS) were women.  In the United States, Canada, and Europe, women now earn most psychology doctorates. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Psychological Science Matures: Behaviorism  Behaviorism: Psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.  John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner/scientific study of behavior; “Little Albert” and learned fear  B. F. Skinner/leading behaviorist; rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior  Behaviorism was increasingly influential well into the 1960s. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Psychological Science Matures: Freudian (Psychoanalytic) Psychology and Humanistic Psychology  Psychoanalytic psychology: Psychology emphasizes ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior.  Sigmund Freud/theory of personality; views on unconscious sexual conflicts; mind’s defenses against its own wishes and impulses  Humanistic psychology: Behaviorist definition rejected  Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow/behaviorism and Freudian psychology too limiting/focus on growth potential; need for love and acceptance PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Contemporary Psychology  Psychology today  Is science of behavior and mental processes  Contemporary psychology  Focuses on cognition, biology and experience, culture and gender, and human flourishing  Cognitive psychology  Cognitive neuroscience  Key word in today’s definition of psychology is science. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Contemporary Psychology: Evolutionary Psychology and Behavior Genetics (part 1)  Evolutionary psychology: Study of evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection  John Locke/mind as blank slate  René Descartes/some ideas innate  Charles Darwin/diversity through evolutionary process of natural selection PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Contemporary Psychology: Evolutionary Psychology and Behavior Genetics (part 2)  Today’s psychologists explore relative contributions of biology and experience.  Focus of evolutionary psychology: How are humans alike because of shared biology and evolutionary history?  Focus of behavior genetics: How humans individually differ because of differing genes and environments? PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Cross-Cultural and Gender Psychology  Culture  Involves shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes on to next  Shapes us in wide variety of ways  Studying culture and people around the world and underlying processes  Studies from WEIRD (Western, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic) cultures  Studies of people around world PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Underlying Processes Across Cultures  Even when specific attitudes and behaviors vary by gender or across cultures, the underlying processes are much the same.  Examples  People diagnosed with specific learning disorder  Shared deep grammar principles across cultures; smile, frown  Loneliness magnified by shyness and low self-esteem across cultures PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Positive Psychology  Positive psychology  Is scientific study of human flourishing  Includes goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive  Martin Seligman and others  Call for more research on human flourishing  Suggest happiness is by-product of pleasant, engaged, and happy life PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis  Levels of analysis  Differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social- cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon  Biopsychosocial approach  Integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social- cultural levels of analysis  Each of psychology’s perspectives is helpful.  But each, by itself, fails to reveal the whole picture. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Biosocial Approach PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Levels of Analysis and Perspectives  Each level of analysis  Offers a perspective for analyzing a behavior or mental process  Is incomplete by itself  Perspectives  Neuroscience  Evolutionary  Behavior genetics  Psychodynamic  Behavioral  Cognitive  Social-cultural PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Perspective Focus Sample Questions Examples of Subfields Using This Perspective Neuroscience How the body and brain How do pain messages travel from Biological; cognitive; clinical enable emotions, memories, the hand to the brain? How is blood and sensory experiences chemistry linked with moods and motives? Evolutionary How the natural selection of How does evolution influence Biological; developmental; traits has promoted the behavior tendencies? social survival of genes Behavior How our genes and our To what extent are psychological Personality; developmental; genetics environment influence our traits, such as intelligence, legal/ forensic individual differences personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression, products of our genes? Of our Psychology’s Psychodynamic How behavior springs from environment? How can someone’s personality Clinical; counseling; Theoretical unconscious drives and traits and disorders be explained personality conflicts by unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? Perspectives Behavioral How we learn observable responses How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our Clinical; counseling; industrial-organizational behavior, say, to stop smoking? Cognitive How we encode, process, How do we use information in Cognitive neuroscience; store, and retrieve information remembering? Reasoning? Solving clinical; counseling; problems? industrial organizational Social-cultural How behavior and thinking How are we affected by the people Developmental; social; vary across situations and around us, and by our surrounding clinical; counseling cultures culture? PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Psychology’s Subfields  Cluster of subfields involve different disciplines and wide-ranging interests.  Describing and explaining behavior and the mind underlying it is a common quest.  Subfields  Basic research: Biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, and social psychologists  Applied research: Industrial-organizational  Counseling psychology  Clinical psychology  Community psychology PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person — and a Better Student  Evidence-based suggestions  Manage time and get full night’s sleep.  Make space for exercise.  Set long-term goals, with daily aims.  Have a growth mindset.  Prioritize relationships. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Learning and Retaining Information  Learning and retaining  Additional study tips information  Distribute study time.  Repeated self-testing and  Learn to think critically. rehearsal (testing effect)  SQ3R study method  Process class information  Survey actively.  Question  Overlearn.  Read  Retrieve  Review PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition Module 2 Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions  Need for psychological science  Humans cannot rely solely on intuition and common sense.  Sources of intuition overestimation; common flaws in commonsense thinking  Hindsight bias  Overconfidence  Tendency to perceive patterns in random events PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Psychological Science in a Post-Truth World  Post-truth  Describing a modern culture where people’s emotions and personal beliefs often override their acceptance of objective facts  Political party bias  False news  Repetition  Availability of powerful examples  Group identity and the echo chamber of the like-minded PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Scientific Method (part 1)  Scientific method is a self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observations and analysis; peer reviews.  Predictions work  Predictions fail  Exploratory research  Confirmatory research  Meta-analysis PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Scientific Method (part 2) PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Scientific Method: Constructing Theories  Theory  Explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events  Hypothesis  Testable prediction, often implied by a theory  Operational definition  Carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study  Replication  Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to discern whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances  Preregistration  Publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analyses. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Research Strategies: Description  Descriptive research is a systematic, objective observation of people.  Its goal is to provide a clear, accurate picture of people’s behaviors, thoughts, and attributes. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Description (part 1)  Case study  Examines one individual in depth  Provides fruitful ideas  Cannot be used to generalize conclusions  Naturalistic observation  Records behavior in natural environment  Describes, but does not explain behavior  Can be revealing PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Description (part 2)  Survey and interview  Examine many cases in less depth  Wording effects  Random sampling  Uses random sampling of the population for best results PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Research Strategies: Correlation  Correlation  Measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor (variable) predicts the other.  Correlation coefficient  Statistical index of the direction and strength of the relationship between two things (from −1.00 to +1.00). PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Correlation and Causation  Unlike experiments, correlation coefficients tell us nothing about cause and effect.  A correlation coefficient helps to provide a clearer view of the world by revealing the extent to which two things relate. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Research Strategies: Experimentation (part 1)  Experimental manipulation  With experiments, researchers can focus on the possible effects of one or more factors in several ways.  They can manipulate the factors of interest to determine their effects.  They can hold constant (“controlling”) other factors.  Experimental group  Control group  To minimize any preexisting differences between the two groups, experimenters randomly assign people to each condition. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Research Strategies: Experimentation (part 2)  Procedures and the placebo effect  Double-blind procedure: Eliminating bias  Neither those in the study nor those collecting the data know which group is receiving the treatment.  Placebo effect  Treatment’s actual effects can be separated from potential placebo effect.  Effect involves results caused by expectations alone. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Research Strategies: Experimentation (part 3)  Variables  Independent variable in an experiment  Factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied  Confounding variable in an experiment  Factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect  Dependent variable in an experiment  Factor that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Experimentation PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved How Do Researchers Know Which Research Design to Use?  Researchers  Choose a research question  Select most appropriate design  Determine most effective setup  Consider cost, time, ethical issues, and other limitations  Decide how to measure the behavior or process to be studied  Consider confounding variables PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Comparing Research Methods Research Basic Purpose How Conducted What Is Weaknesses Method Manipulated Descriptive To observe and record Do case studies, Nothing No control of behavior naturalistic observations, variables; single or surveys cases may be misleading Correlational To detect naturally Collect data on two or more Nothing Cannot specify occurring relationships; variables; no cause and effect to manipulation assess how well one variable predicts another Experimental To explore cause and Manipulate one or more The independent Sometimes not effect factors; use random variable(s) feasible; results may assignment not generalize to other contexts; not ethical to manipulate certain variables PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Predicting Everyday Behavior  Experiment purpose  Test theoretical principles; do not re-create exact everyday life behaviors; simplified reality  Resulting principles  Help explain everyday behavior, not specific findings  Psychological science  Focuses primarily on seeking general principles that help explain many behaviors and less on specific behaviors PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Psychology’s Research Ethics: Studying and Protecting Animals (part 1)  What do you think?  Is it ethical to place the well- being of humans above that of other animals?  Which safeguards should protect the well-being of animals in research? PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Protecting Research Participants: Studying and Protecting Animals (part 2)  Professional associations  British Psychological Society (BPS)  Established guidelines for reasonably natural living conditions and companions for social animals  American Psychological Association (APA)  Established guidelines for humane treatment and minimization of infection, illness, and pain  European Parliament  Mandates standards for animal care and housing PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Protecting Research Participants: Studying and Protecting Humans  Ethics codes of APA and BPS  Obtain potential participants’ informed consent before the experiment begins  Protect participants from harm and discomfort  Keep information about individual participants confidential  Fully debrief people (explain the research afterward)  Institutional Review Boards of universities and research organizations  Enforce ethical standards PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Protecting Research Participants: Ensuring Scientific Integrity  Leading scientists cite honesty as the most important scientific value, followed by curiosity and perseverance.  Fake science also has the potential to cause great harm.  MMR vaccine and autism  Scientific scrutiny, complete with replication, can inform and protect us. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Protecting Research Participants: Values in Research  Values  Affect what is studied, how it is studied, and how results are interpreted  Can color “facts”  Can be influenced by popular application of psychology What do you see? PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition Module 3 Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Inferential Statistics  How do we know whether an observed difference can be generalized to other populations?  Inferential statistics  Use of statistical methods to interpret data meaningfully.  Statistical significance  Statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result (such as a difference between samples) occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Questions? PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition