Psychological Science Chapter 1 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

In classical conditioning, what is the phenomenon called when a previously neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus?

Acquisition (correct)

Discrimination

Extinction

Generalization

Which of the following is a type of reinforcement schedule where a reward is given after a specific number of responses?

Fixed Interval

Variable Interval

Variable Ratio

Fixed Ratio (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a type of punishment in operant conditioning?

Positive Punishment

Negative Reinforcement (correct)

Negative Punishment

Positive Reinforcement (correct)

In Pavlov's classic experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

The food Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A driver speeds up to avoid a traffic ticket. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of operant conditioning?

Learning through association Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'extinction' as it relates to classical conditioning?

The gradual weakening of a conditioned response due to the repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Albert Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the power of which type of learning?

Observational Learning Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is part of the limbic system?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the frontal lobe?

Motor function Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the way genes are expressed and influenced by environmental factors?

Epigenetics Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between identical and fraternal twins?

Identical twins share the same genetic code while fraternal twins do not Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of prenatal development comes right after the germinal stage?

Embryonic stage Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, what does 'egocentrism' refer to?

Difficulty in understanding others' viewpoints Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the balance between assimilation and accommodation in cognitive development?

Equilibration Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of tight cultures?

Expectations of conformity Signup and view all the answers

Which research method is best suited for studying the long-term effects of a specific type of therapy on a single individual?

Case study Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of myelin sheath in the nervous system?

To increase the speed of neural impulses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a negative correlation?

As the number of hours of sleep decreases, the likelihood of making mistakes increases. Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the Nervous System is responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response?

Sympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment studying the effects of a new drug on memory, what is the purpose of a control group?

To provide a baseline against which the effects of the drug can be compared Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1 - Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Scientific Attitude & Critical Thinking: Involves recognizing biases, common sense flaws, and the fallacy of repetition in thinking critically about psychological concepts. Post-truth thinking also needs to be identified and critically analyzed.
Scientific Method: A systematic approach to research in psychology involving hypotheses, operational definitions, exploratory and confirmatory research, meta-analysis, case studies, naturalistic observations, surveys, and interviews.
Descriptive Research Methods: Methods, like case studies, naturalistic observations, surveys, and interviews, are used to gather information about psychological phenomena. The information gathered is used to describe a phenomenon, rather than explain it.
Correlational Research Methods: Examine the relationship between variables without manipulating any. A correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of a relationship and scatterplots are used to visually represent this data. Regression towards the mean, and positive/negative correlation also need to be understood.
Experimental Research Methods: Experiment research involves manipulating one variable to determine its effect on another. Experimental groups, control groups, random sampling/assignment, variables, and the placebo effect are crucial components of this method. Double blind procedures will also form part of a robust experimental design.
Ethics: Essential ethical principles are applied to research design, including measures of central tendency, measures of variability, statistical significance, statistical literacy and descriptive statistics.

Chapter 2 - Biology of the Mind

Biological Psychology: Focuses on the biological underpinnings of behavior and mental processes. Neuroplasticity, neurons' structure and function (axons, dendrites, cell body, myelin sheath, glial cells), action potential (depolarization, repolarization, resting potential, hyperpolarization, neurotransmitters), synaptic transmission, and the central and peripheral nervous systems are key concepts.
Nervous System Organization: The organization of the nervous system (CNS, PNS) needs to be detailed, including neurotransmitters and agonists/antagonists, types of neurons, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Endocrine System: The endocrine system, which uses hormones to communicate, functions similarly to the nervous system. Tools used to study the brain such as studying the Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Forebrain as well as tools like studying the brainstem, the Medulla, the Pons, the Thalamus, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum, and the Limbic System also need to be considered.

Chapter 4 - Nature, Nurture, & Human Diversity

Nature vs. Nurture: The interactive influence of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on behavior and development. Critical components, like behavior genetics, genetic code (genome, DNA, gene expression), and the impact of identical and fraternal twins, adoption studies and their relative roles are paramount.
Genes and Behavior: The role genes play in behavioral traits, and how polygenic traits are impacted. Understanding epigenetic markers and their role can lead to greater understanding.
Evolutionary Psychology: The study of how evolution has shaped the human mind and behavior. Key components include epigenetic markers, and evolutionary psychology approaches to behavior.

Chapter 5 - Development Across the Lifespan

Developmental Psychology: The scientific study of physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes across the lifespan. Key prenatal, newborn, infancy and childhood developmental stages, including stages of prenatal development (teratogens), newborn reflexes, temperament, maturation, infantile amnesia, and cognitive (Piaget's theory) and socioemotional (attachment) development should be understood.
Prenatal Development: Critically consider factors like teratogens, and prenatal stages when learning developmental psychology.

Chapter 7 - Learning

Classical Conditioning: Learning through association through the study of Ivan Pavlov’s study of experimental data on stimuli (stimulus, neutral stimuli, unconditioned stimuli, conditioned stimuli, unconditioned responses, and conditioned responses).
Operant Conditioning: Learn through reinforcement and punishment with a focus on the Law of Effect, Operant Chamber studies, different types of reinforcers and reinforcement schedules, types of reinforcement and punishment, and the role of biology and cognition, observational learning, and mirror neurons.

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Description

Test your knowledge on critical thinking and the scientific method in psychology with this quiz. Explore topics such as biases, research methods, and the importance of correlational studies. Perfect for anyone studying psychological concepts at the introductory level.