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Questions and Answers
An attitude is an integration of all the positive or negative thoughts and emotions that occur when people evaluate themselves, other people, objects, or ___ .
An attitude is an integration of all the positive or negative thoughts and emotions that occur when people evaluate themselves, other people, objects, or ___ .
issues
The ABC of attitudes refers to the three components of attitudes: affective, behavioral, and ___.
The ABC of attitudes refers to the three components of attitudes: affective, behavioral, and ___.
cognitive
The affective component refers to the ___ created by the attitude object.
The affective component refers to the ___ created by the attitude object.
emotions
The behavioral component reflects the actual ___ associated with the attitude.
The behavioral component reflects the actual ___ associated with the attitude.
Explicit attitudes can be assessed by ___ measures.
Explicit attitudes can be assessed by ___ measures.
Implicit attitudes are involuntary and cannot be assessed by self-report ___.
Implicit attitudes are involuntary and cannot be assessed by self-report ___.
The Implicit Association Test is one method used to assess ___ attitudes.
The Implicit Association Test is one method used to assess ___ attitudes.
Do attitudes predict behavior? The answer is ___ maybe.
Do attitudes predict behavior? The answer is ___ maybe.
The study by LaPierre demonstrated an inconsistency between people's attitudes and __________.
The study by LaPierre demonstrated an inconsistency between people's attitudes and __________.
According to Wicker, people's attitudes make poor predictors of __________.
According to Wicker, people's attitudes make poor predictors of __________.
The Theory of Reasoned Action suggests that intentions are the best predictor of people's planned __________.
The Theory of Reasoned Action suggests that intentions are the best predictor of people's planned __________.
Behavioral intentions are really low if any of the components in the __________ is at zero.
Behavioral intentions are really low if any of the components in the __________ is at zero.
Cognitive dissonance can occur when one's behavior is inconsistent with one's __________.
Cognitive dissonance can occur when one's behavior is inconsistent with one's __________.
The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance was proposed by __________ in 1957.
The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance was proposed by __________ in 1957.
For the best prediction of behavior, individuals need time to think about how they will __________.
For the best prediction of behavior, individuals need time to think about how they will __________.
When people hold two conflicting __________, cognitive dissonance can develop.
When people hold two conflicting __________, cognitive dissonance can develop.
Cognitive dissonance is experienced when we do something ______, threatens self-esteem or immoral.
Cognitive dissonance is experienced when we do something ______, threatens self-esteem or immoral.
Dissonance produces ______ or discomfort which motivates us to reduce the tension in some way.
Dissonance produces ______ or discomfort which motivates us to reduce the tension in some way.
Selective exposure to attitude consistent information is also known as ______.
Selective exposure to attitude consistent information is also known as ______.
Post decision dissonance arises after a person makes a decision in which they had ______.
Post decision dissonance arises after a person makes a decision in which they had ______.
Dissonance is reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devaluating ______ alternatives.
Dissonance is reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devaluating ______ alternatives.
Once the choice is made, confidence grows in the ______.
Once the choice is made, confidence grows in the ______.
Counter-attitudinal advocacy occurs when individuals convince others of an opinion that is ______ to their own.
Counter-attitudinal advocacy occurs when individuals convince others of an opinion that is ______ to their own.
Cognitive dissonance can motivate individuals to justify their ______ behaviors.
Cognitive dissonance can motivate individuals to justify their ______ behaviors.
Decisions made in a moral dilemma will evoke ______.
Decisions made in a moral dilemma will evoke ______.
Participants paid $20 or $1 to lie to a fellow student are part of a study by ______ & Carlsmith.
Participants paid $20 or $1 to lie to a fellow student are part of a study by ______ & Carlsmith.
Those who received insufficient external justification, like being paid ______, changed their attitudes.
Those who received insufficient external justification, like being paid ______, changed their attitudes.
According to dissonance theory, when we hurt someone, we may come to ______ that person.
According to dissonance theory, when we hurt someone, we may come to ______ that person.
Engaging in self-justification efforts can extend beyond ______ or foolish behavior.
Engaging in self-justification efforts can extend beyond ______ or foolish behavior.
The concept that insufficient justification creates ______ is counterintuitive.
The concept that insufficient justification creates ______ is counterintuitive.
Self-justification allows individuals to rationalize behaviors as ______.
Self-justification allows individuals to rationalize behaviors as ______.
When making decisions, changing attitudes can help ______ dissonance.
When making decisions, changing attitudes can help ______ dissonance.
The more effort we put into anything, the more we come to like the __________.
The more effort we put into anything, the more we come to like the __________.
Justification of Effort is the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to __________.
Justification of Effort is the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to __________.
Counter-Attitudinal Advocacy occurs when a person states an opinion or attitude that runs counter to his or her private __________.
Counter-Attitudinal Advocacy occurs when a person states an opinion or attitude that runs counter to his or her private __________.
The theory of cognitive dissonance is a motivational __________.
The theory of cognitive dissonance is a motivational __________.
Motivational arousal can result from a self-esteem threat or challenges to our self-____________.
Motivational arousal can result from a self-esteem threat or challenges to our self-____________.
Those who did demanding tasks in a weight loss study were more likely to __________ weight.
Those who did demanding tasks in a weight loss study were more likely to __________ weight.
The suffering leads to a liking __________.
The suffering leads to a liking __________.
When individuals cannot find external justification for their behavior, they will attempt to find internal __________.
When individuals cannot find external justification for their behavior, they will attempt to find internal __________.
Flashcards
Attitude
Attitude
A combination of positive or negative thoughts and emotions when evaluating people, objects, or issues.
Attitude components
Attitude components
Affective (emotions), behavioral (actions), and cognitive (thoughts) aspects of an attitude.
Explicit Attitude
Explicit Attitude
An attitude you're aware of and can consciously report.
Implicit Attitude
Implicit Attitude
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Implicit Association Test
Implicit Association Test
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Attitude-Behavior relationship
Attitude-Behavior relationship
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Affective component
Affective component
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Cognitive component
Cognitive component
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Attitude-behavior inconsistency
Attitude-behavior inconsistency
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Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
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Behavioral Intention
Behavioral Intention
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Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance
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Attitude Change
Attitude Change
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Behavior predicting attitudes
Behavior predicting attitudes
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Subjective Norms
Subjective Norms
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Behavioral Efficacy
Behavioral Efficacy
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Reducing Dissonance
Reducing Dissonance
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Selective Exposure
Selective Exposure
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Post-decision Dissonance
Post-decision Dissonance
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Insufficient Justification
Insufficient Justification
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Counter-attitudinal Advocacy
Counter-attitudinal Advocacy
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Decision-making
Decision-making
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Balancing/Consonance
Balancing/Consonance
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Justification of Effort
Justification of Effort
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Festinger & Carlsmith (1959)
Festinger & Carlsmith (1959)
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Moral dilemma
Moral dilemma
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Self-justification
Self-justification
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Incentives for Advocacy
Incentives for Advocacy
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Suffering Leads to Liking
Suffering Leads to Liking
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Motivational Arousal
Motivational Arousal
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Self-Esteem Threat
Self-Esteem Threat
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Self-Schema Challenge
Self-Schema Challenge
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Study Notes
Attitudes and Attitude Change
- Attitudes are an integration of positive or negative thoughts and emotions regarding self, others, objects, or issues.
- Attitudes can be positive, negative, or neutral.
- Attitudes include mental events, like memories of past experiences with attitude objects, images, and thoughts.
- The ABC of attitudes refers to the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components.
- The affective component involves emotions related to the attitude object.
- The behavioral component is the actual behavior associated with the attitude.
- The cognitive component includes thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object.
- Attitudes can exist at either an explicit or implicit level.
- Explicit attitudes are known to the individual and can be stated.
- Implicit attitudes are involuntary, unconscious, and difficult to change.
- Implicit attitudes are not assessed by self-report measures, but can be assessed by the Implicit Association Test (IAT).
- Implicit attitudes can predict behavior well, especially when used with explicit measures.
- Implicit evaluations occur when the amygdala is active during evaluations of social stimuli.
- Attitudes may not always accurately predict behavior.
- Studies by LaPierre (1934) and Wicker (1969) demonstrated inconsistencies between attitudes and behavior.
- Under certain conditions, attitudes are good predictors of behaviors.
- The Theory of Reasoned Action explains when attitudes effectively predict behavior.
- Sufficient time enables people to rationally consider planned behavior.
- Attitudes predict behaviors better when relevant to observed behaviors.
- Attitudes predict behaviors better when strong.
- The Theory of Reasoned Action explains when attitudes effectively predict behavior.
- The Theory of Reasoned Action specifies three factors that influence behavioral intentions:
- Attitude toward the behavior, or the person's specific attitude related to the behavior,
- Subjective norms, or the beliefs about how other people will view the behavior, including those that are cared about,
- Perceived behavioral control, or the ease with which the person believes performing the behavior.
- Behaviors can predict attitudes.
- Cognitive dissonance Theory (Festinger, 1957) explains how inconsistencies between behaviors and attitudes can lead to discomfort.
- Discomfort motivates a person to change their attitude or behavior.
- Cognitive dissonance Theory (Festinger, 1957) explains how inconsistencies between behaviors and attitudes can lead to discomfort.
- Dissonance is experienced when behavior is inconsistent with attitudes, or when two conflicting attitudes are held.
- Ways to reduce dissonance include:
- Selective exposure to attitude-consistent information.
- Post-decision dissonance, which occurs after a decision is made.
- Immoral behavior.
- Counter-attitudinal advocacy.
- The Justification of Effort Effect: The more effort put into something, the more likely one will value it.
- Counter-attitudinal Advocacy: Process by a person states an opinion that is inconsistent with their attitude.
- The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance is a motivational theory focusing on discomfort and arousal motivating behavior & attitude change.
- Self-affirmation theory suggests dissonance can be reduced by focusing or affirming one's competence, highlighting moral values, or focusing on unrelated positive traits.
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Description
Explore the nuances of attitudes and how they influence thoughts and behaviors. Understand the ABC components of attitudes—affective, behavioral, and cognitive—and learn about explicit and implicit attitudes. This quiz will also cover assessment methods like the Implicit Association Test (IAT).
