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Questions and Answers
Which component of attitudes relates to feelings and emotions toward a target?
Which component of attitudes relates to feelings and emotions toward a target?
What is a key characteristic of implicit attitudes?
What is a key characteristic of implicit attitudes?
What effect does self-serving bias have on children and older people compared to middle-aged individuals?
What effect does self-serving bias have on children and older people compared to middle-aged individuals?
How are implicit attitudes typically measured?
How are implicit attitudes typically measured?
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Which statement describes cultural differences in self-serving bias regarding Olympic gold medalists?
Which statement describes cultural differences in self-serving bias regarding Olympic gold medalists?
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What does the Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT) primarily measure?
What does the Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT) primarily measure?
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According to the content, what is a key factor that influences attitudes regarding issues like abortion and gay rights?
According to the content, what is a key factor that influences attitudes regarding issues like abortion and gay rights?
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What did Gawronski's research (2019) reveal about awareness of implicit attitudes?
What did Gawronski's research (2019) reveal about awareness of implicit attitudes?
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How do individuals with anxiety and depression typically make attributions about their successes and failures?
How do individuals with anxiety and depression typically make attributions about their successes and failures?
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Which factor was identified as influencing the correlation between implicit and explicit attitudes?
Which factor was identified as influencing the correlation between implicit and explicit attitudes?
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In terms of measurement validity, what is a noted limitation of the IAT?
In terms of measurement validity, what is a noted limitation of the IAT?
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What distinction is made between implicit and explicit attitudes?
What distinction is made between implicit and explicit attitudes?
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What type of attitudes are subject to social desirability bias?
What type of attitudes are subject to social desirability bias?
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What characterizes a cognitive miser's approach to problem-solving?
What characterizes a cognitive miser's approach to problem-solving?
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What is a significant trait of a naïve scientist?
What is a significant trait of a naïve scientist?
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Which factor does NOT influence whether one adopts a cognitive miser or naïve scientist approach?
Which factor does NOT influence whether one adopts a cognitive miser or naïve scientist approach?
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Which type of attribution is associated with the actor-observer bias?
Which type of attribution is associated with the actor-observer bias?
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How does self-serving bias affect attributions we make about our successes?
How does self-serving bias affect attributions we make about our successes?
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What type of thinking do cognitive misers typically engage in?
What type of thinking do cognitive misers typically engage in?
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Which statement best reflects the naïve scientist approach to decision-making?
Which statement best reflects the naïve scientist approach to decision-making?
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What is a primary reason for an actor-observer bias?
What is a primary reason for an actor-observer bias?
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How is a neutral stimulus transformed into one that can elicit an emotional response?
How is a neutral stimulus transformed into one that can elicit an emotional response?
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Which of the following statements accurately reflects Bandura's social learning theory?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects Bandura's social learning theory?
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What is a key aspect of operant conditioning related to attitudes?
What is a key aspect of operant conditioning related to attitudes?
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What effect does increased exposure to a novel object generally have on attitudes?
What effect does increased exposure to a novel object generally have on attitudes?
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What conclusion can be drawn from Zajonc's (1968) research on foreign word exposure?
What conclusion can be drawn from Zajonc's (1968) research on foreign word exposure?
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What is the primary function of schemas in our cognitive processes?
What is the primary function of schemas in our cognitive processes?
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How do representative heuristics influence our judgment?
How do representative heuristics influence our judgment?
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What characterizes availability heuristics in decision-making?
What characterizes availability heuristics in decision-making?
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What was a key finding of Schwarz et al. (1991) regarding recall and belief?
What was a key finding of Schwarz et al. (1991) regarding recall and belief?
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What does the term 'illusory correlations' refer to in the context of heuristics?
What does the term 'illusory correlations' refer to in the context of heuristics?
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In what way do schemas help facilitate quicker processing of information?
In what way do schemas help facilitate quicker processing of information?
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What is one drawback of using availability heuristics for assessing event likelihood?
What is one drawback of using availability heuristics for assessing event likelihood?
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Which of the following statements best defines heuristics?
Which of the following statements best defines heuristics?
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Study Notes
Attitudes
- Attitudes are evaluations of people, objects, and ideas.
- They have three components: Cognitive (thoughts and beliefs), Affective (emotions and feelings), and Behavioral (actions and observable behavior).
- There are two types of attitudes: Explicit and Implicit.
Explicit Attitudes
- We are consciously aware of these attitudes.
- They are consciously endorsed and can be shared with others.
- They are susceptible to social desirability bias, meaning we might lie about them to please others.
- We have control over them and can introspect on them.
Implicit Attitudes
- We are less conscious of these attitudes.
- We have less control over them and they are less susceptible to social desirability bias.
- They operate subconsciously and are automatic.
- They can sometimes conflict with our explicit attitudes.
- They are measured by reaction time and response.
Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT)
- Measures the speed at which people respond to stimuli, aiming to assess implicit attitudes.
- However, its validity is debated.
- It may measure cultural associations rather than true implicit attitudes.
- Its reliability is questionable, as results can vary in repeated tests.
- Results can be influenced by factors like language proficiency.
- Some studies suggest people are aware of their implicit attitudes and that the IAT may not be a reliable measure.
Schema
- A mental representation of things experienced in everyday life.
- A mental blueprint or script.
- A belief about how something is expected to be.
- Schemas reduce cognitive load and save time.
- They allow us to go beyond the information we are given.
Heuristics
- Mental shortcuts used for decision-making and judgments.
- Reduce problem-solving effort.
- Form attitudes quickly by using rule-based decisions.
Types of Heuristics
- Representative Heuristic: Assesses how similar something is to a category we already have, ignoring base rate statistics - can lead to incorrect conclusions.
- Availability Heuristic: Judges the likelihood of an event based on how easily it comes to mind.
- The more frequent an event, the easier it is to recall, leading to an assumption of higher likelihood.
- This can be unreliable for infrequent but highly accessible events.
Illusory Correlations in Heuristics
- Believing two things are associated when they are not.
- Can lead to faulty reasoning and generalizations.
Two Types of Thinking
- Cognitive Miser: Seeks to conserve cognitive resources by relying on schemas and heuristics, making quick decisions and judgments.
- Naïve Scientist: Seeks rational explanations for things by analyzing information and using cognitive resources.
The Motivational Tactician Framework
- Explains our choice between Cognitive Miser and Naïve Scientist thinking approaches, based on factors like:
- Time available for decision-making.
- Cognitive resources available.
- The importance of the decision.
Attribution Theory
- Explains how we attribute causes to events and behaviour.
- It involves attributing events to either external or internal factors.
- It influences how we perceive events and our own actions.
Actor-Observer Bias
- We tend to make external attributions for our own behavior, but internal attributions for others' behavior.
- This is because we have more information about ourselves and seek to maintain a positive self-image.
Self-Serving Bias
- We make attributions that support a positive view of ourselves.
- When good things happen, we attribute them to internal factors.
- When bad things happen, we blame external factors.
- This bias is more pronounced in children and older people.
Self-Serving Bias Study 2
- HUA & TAN (2012) examined Olympic gold medal winners' attributions for their victory in Western and non-Western cultures.
- Western athletes generally attributed their wins to internal factors like abilities, while non-Western athletes attributed their wins to external factors like luck or support.
Origins of Attitudes
- Genes: Play a significant role in attitudes towards various topics, such as abortion, gay rights, and political views.
- Social Learning Theory: We learn attitudes by observing and imitating others, especially during childhood.
- Classical Conditioning: Pairing a neutral stimulus with one that evokes an emotional response can change our attitudes towards that stimulus.
- Operant Conditioning: Rewarded behaviors are repeated, while punished behaviors are less frequent, impacting our attitudes towards those actions.
- Direct Experiences and Mere Exposure: Repeated exposure can increase our preference for something, even without conscious awareness.
- The more exposure we have to something, the less fear we experience and the more positive our attitude becomes.
Experience Studies
- ZAJONC (1968): Found that increased exposure to unfamiliar Asian words led to a more positive association with those words.
- MORGENSTERN ET AL.: Showed that repeated exposure to unfamiliar faces led to a more positive evaluation of those faces.
- Both studies highlight the impact of mere exposure on attitude formation.
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Description
Explore the concepts of attitudes in psychology, focusing on explicit and implicit attitudes. Understand their components, measurement techniques like the Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT), and the social factors influencing them. This quiz will test your knowledge of cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of attitudes.
