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Questions and Answers
What does implicit positive self-attitude measure?
What does implicit positive self-attitude measure?
- Self’s rating for own initials minus the average rating by others (correct)
- The difference between self-esteem and social approval
- The average rating of self and how others perceive it
- Self’s rating for others' names minus the rating of own name
What psychological effect explains why individuals may have a preference for the initial of their name?
What psychological effect explains why individuals may have a preference for the initial of their name?
- Social comparison theory
- Mere exposure effect (correct)
- Mere ownership effect
- Cognitive dissonance
What is a potential issue when individuals evaluate their self-attitude?
What is a potential issue when individuals evaluate their self-attitude?
- They can only judge based on past experiences
- They may evaluate only physical appearance
- They ignore social influences altogether
- They often provide an exaggerated view to please others (correct)
The mere ownership effect suggests that people attribute more value to which of the following?
The mere ownership effect suggests that people attribute more value to which of the following?
What overall trend is observed regarding people’s evaluations of their name initials?
What overall trend is observed regarding people’s evaluations of their name initials?
What phenomenon describes people's tendency to choose careers or partners that match the initials of their names?
What phenomenon describes people's tendency to choose careers or partners that match the initials of their names?
In the context of moral decision-making, what distinguishes the trolley-switch dilemma from the trolley-bridge dilemma?
In the context of moral decision-making, what distinguishes the trolley-switch dilemma from the trolley-bridge dilemma?
Which area of the brain is associated with using emotions to guide decision-making?
Which area of the brain is associated with using emotions to guide decision-making?
What is the outcome of both the trolley-switch and trolley-bridge dilemmas?
What is the outcome of both the trolley-switch and trolley-bridge dilemmas?
What does the somatic marker hypothesis suggest about decision-making?
What does the somatic marker hypothesis suggest about decision-making?
Why might individuals hesitate to push the large man off the bridge in the trolley-bridge dilemma?
Why might individuals hesitate to push the large man off the bridge in the trolley-bridge dilemma?
What does the concept of moral dumbfounding illustrate about human decision-making?
What does the concept of moral dumbfounding illustrate about human decision-making?
Which scenario has a less emotional impact, leading to a greater likelihood of the action being taken?
Which scenario has a less emotional impact, leading to a greater likelihood of the action being taken?
In moral decision-making, what role does emotion typically play according to the content?
In moral decision-making, what role does emotion typically play according to the content?
What might individuals consider when deciding between two food options, using the somatic marker hypothesis?
What might individuals consider when deciding between two food options, using the somatic marker hypothesis?
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Study Notes
Implicit Positive Self-Attitude
- The implicit positive self-attitude can be measured through the Name-Letter test.
- This test analyzes the difference between the rating of an individual's own initials and the average rating of those same letters by others.
- Individuals tend to rate their own initials higher than others, indicating a positive self-evaluation that extends to features associated with their identity.
- This phenomenon can be explained through:
- The mere exposure effect: The more familiar we are with something, the more we tend to like it.
- Self-evaluation: People generally hold positive views of themselves, and this positivity can influence evaluations of things associated with them.
- Mere ownership effect: We tend to attribute value and pleasure to things that belong to us or are part of our identity.
Moral Decision-Making
- Moral decision-making can be influenced by emotional factors, as illustrated by the Trolley Switch Dilemma and Trolley-Bridge Dilemma.
- In the Trolley Switch Dilemma, a more impersonal choice is presented, with a focus on saving the majority.
- In the Trolley-Bridge Dilemma, the decision feels more personal and emotionally charged, making it less likely for individuals to take action.
- The emotional impact of these situations can influence our moral judgments, despite the outcome being the same in both scenarios.
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
- The Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (VMPC) is crucial for integrating emotional body signals to guide decision-making.
- People with lesions in this region demonstrate different patterns in moral decision-making.
- The Somatic Marker Hypothesis emphasizes the role of emotional reactions in guiding decision-making processes.
- This hypothesis suggests that we have an emotional response when considering potential choices (e.g., broccoli vs. chocolate cake), and our brain uses this bodily response to influence the decision.
- While we may use reasons to justify our choices, the underlying driving force often comes from emotional responses.
Moral Dumbfounding
- The concept of moral dumbfounding describes the phenomenon of people being unable to provide a logical explanation for their moral judgments, even if they firmly believe in their decisions.
- This highlights the influence of emotional and intuitive factors in shaping our moral reasoning.
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