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What are the three components of attitudes known as ABC?
What are the three components of attitudes known as ABC?
What characterizes explicit attitudes?
What characterizes explicit attitudes?
What is a notable characteristic of implicit attitudes?
What is a notable characteristic of implicit attitudes?
What is a limitation of the Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT)?
What is a limitation of the Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT)?
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According to Gawronski's study, what is one factor influencing the correlation between implicit and explicit attitudes?
According to Gawronski's study, what is one factor influencing the correlation between implicit and explicit attitudes?
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In the context of attitudes, what does the term 'social desirability bias' refer to?
In the context of attitudes, what does the term 'social desirability bias' refer to?
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How are implicit attitudes typically measured?
How are implicit attitudes typically measured?
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How can implicit attitudes differ from explicit attitudes according to the content provided?
How can implicit attitudes differ from explicit attitudes according to the content provided?
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What is a characteristic of the cognitive miser approach to decision making?
What is a characteristic of the cognitive miser approach to decision making?
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Which of the following best defines illusory correlations?
Which of the following best defines illusory correlations?
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What factor influences whether someone acts as a cognitive miser or a naïve scientist?
What factor influences whether someone acts as a cognitive miser or a naïve scientist?
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What does the actor-observer bias refer to?
What does the actor-observer bias refer to?
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Which statement accurately describes the naïve scientist approach?
Which statement accurately describes the naïve scientist approach?
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How do our attributions affect our beliefs about why things happen?
How do our attributions affect our beliefs about why things happen?
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Which of the following is a feature of the motivational tactician framework?
Which of the following is a feature of the motivational tactician framework?
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Why do cognitive misers tend to make quick decisions?
Why do cognitive misers tend to make quick decisions?
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What is a key characteristic of self-serving bias?
What is a key characteristic of self-serving bias?
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Which age groups exhibit a larger self-serving bias?
Which age groups exhibit a larger self-serving bias?
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How do Western cultures generally attribute their successes in competitive scenarios?
How do Western cultures generally attribute their successes in competitive scenarios?
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In the context of self-serving bias, how do children and older individuals perceive positive and negative outcomes?
In the context of self-serving bias, how do children and older individuals perceive positive and negative outcomes?
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What role does genetics play in the development of attitudes according to Eaves & Hatemis (2008)?
What role does genetics play in the development of attitudes according to Eaves & Hatemis (2008)?
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Which of the following factors is less significant in the development of attitudes according to the provided content?
Which of the following factors is less significant in the development of attitudes according to the provided content?
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Which cultural group is mentioned as having the highest self-serving biases?
Which cultural group is mentioned as having the highest self-serving biases?
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How do individuals with anxiety and depression typically handle attributions according to the concept of self-serving bias?
How do individuals with anxiety and depression typically handle attributions according to the concept of self-serving bias?
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What is a schema primarily used for in everyday life?
What is a schema primarily used for in everyday life?
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What does representative heuristics refer to?
What does representative heuristics refer to?
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What are availability heuristics most concerned with?
What are availability heuristics most concerned with?
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What can result from relying on availability heuristics for decision-making?
What can result from relying on availability heuristics for decision-making?
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In the context of schemas, what is a script?
In the context of schemas, what is a script?
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What was the outcome of Schwarz et al. (1991) regarding recall and belief?
What was the outcome of Schwarz et al. (1991) regarding recall and belief?
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What is one major limitation of using heuristics in problem-solving?
What is one major limitation of using heuristics in problem-solving?
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How do schemas assist individuals beyond just processing information?
How do schemas assist individuals beyond just processing information?
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What does Bandura's social learning theory emphasize about learning behaviors?
What does Bandura's social learning theory emphasize about learning behaviors?
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How does classical conditioning affect attitudes according to Olson & Fazio (2001)?
How does classical conditioning affect attitudes according to Olson & Fazio (2001)?
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What effect does repeated exposure to a new stimulus typically have on an individual's attitude?
What effect does repeated exposure to a new stimulus typically have on an individual's attitude?
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What phenomenon increases due to repeated exposure, improving the ability to perceive an object?
What phenomenon increases due to repeated exposure, improving the ability to perceive an object?
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According to Zajonc (1968), what happens to attitudes toward foreign words with increased exposure?
According to Zajonc (1968), what happens to attitudes toward foreign words with increased exposure?
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How do self-perception theories suggest individuals infer their attitudes and feelings?
How do self-perception theories suggest individuals infer their attitudes and feelings?
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What is cognitive dissonance primarily associated with?
What is cognitive dissonance primarily associated with?
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Which of the following is NOT a strategy to alleviate cognitive dissonance?
Which of the following is NOT a strategy to alleviate cognitive dissonance?
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According to research, what effect does selecting between two difficult choices have on the perceived desirability of the options?
According to research, what effect does selecting between two difficult choices have on the perceived desirability of the options?
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What is a common result of justifying one's own actions, according to cognitive dissonance theory?
What is a common result of justifying one's own actions, according to cognitive dissonance theory?
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Which of the following best describes a consequence of cognitive dissonance when making choices?
Which of the following best describes a consequence of cognitive dissonance when making choices?
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Which study observed college students justifying their actions after participating in a boring discussion group?
Which study observed college students justifying their actions after participating in a boring discussion group?
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What behavioral outcome might result from cognitive dissonance in social situations?
What behavioral outcome might result from cognitive dissonance in social situations?
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Study Notes
Attitudes
- Attitudes have three components: cognitive (thoughts), affective (feelings), and behavioral (actions).
- An attitude is an evaluation of people, objects, or ideas.
- Example: Behaviours: Pet the Puppy, Attitude Object: A puppy, Affect: Feeling of adorableness, Cognition: Belief of friendliness.
Types of Attitudes
- Explicit Attitudes: We are consciously aware of them, endorse them, and can be influenced by social desirability bias (lying to please others). We are in control and can share them with others and use introspection.
- Implicit Attitudes: Less accessible to conscious awareness, less control over them, and less susceptible to social desirability bias. They are a subconscious out of our awareness; we can't control them; they are automatic. They can conflict with explicit attitudes and are measured by reaction time and responses.
- Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT): Measures speed of response, measures implicit attitudes outside our awareness.
- Criticisms of the IAT: Validity issues, might just measure cultural associations and not actual attitudes. It might just be measuring the first thought that is conditioned into your mind but not actually reflecting how we think today; reliability issues, results vary with repeated testing.
Implicit and Explicit Test
- Study by Gawronski (2019) found people are aware and can access their implicit attitudes.
- There is low correlation between implicit and explicit attitudes because of motivation and opportunity influencing attitudes and different contents existing in both implicit and explicit attitudes.
- Participants can predict their own scores, and individuals claim to be aware of their implicit attitudes.
Schemas
- A schema is a mental representation of everyday things.
- Mental blueprint of how we expect things to be or behave.
- Scripts: Schemas that represent sequences of events (e.g., going to a restaurant).
- Schemas reduce cognitive load, save time, and allow us to go beyond the given information.
- Example: Feng Min knows she has to line up to order fast food because she's been to many fast food establishments before.
Heuristics
- Heuristics are mental shortcuts used in decision-making and judgments.
- Reduce problem-solving and form attitudes quickly.
Representative Heuristics
- How similar something is to a category we already have.
- Does an example belong to a particular group based on our mental representation of the category?
- Ignores base rate statistics and facts.
Availability Heuristics
- Judges the likelihood of something based on how easily it comes to mind.
- The more common an event is, the easier it is to think of.
- Less reliable for infrequent events.
- Example: Meg believes there are more school shootings in the United States than in China.
Schwarz et al. (1991) Heuristics Assertive vs. Non-Assertive
- German female students recalled words.
- Easier to recall information, more you believe it to be true.
- Challenging to recall information, less likely to believe it as true.
- Manipulation check confirmed the difficulty of recalling examples affected belief.
Illusory Correlations in Heuristics
- Believing there is an association between two things when there isn't; believing two things are connected when they are not.
- Example: Yui believes that people act more strangely on full moons than other days.
Two Types of Thinking
- Cognitive Miser: A way to process information and make decisions that conserve cognitive resources by using heuristics and schemas.
- Naïve Scientist: Clear and reasonable explanations of what is happening and approaches each situation individually; analysis of information and evidence with flexible thinking and spending time to make decisions.
Attitude 3 Attributions
- Attribution Theory: We like to know or attribute a course to why things occur; it's our beliefs about why things happen.
- Attribution Theory: People seek to know why things happen (events).
- Example: Bad mark on an assessment: I didn't study hard enough (external/situational). I'm not smart enough (internal/dispositional).
Attribution Errors
- Actor-Observer Bias: External attributions for our own behavior (more info), internal attributions for others' behavior (less info).
- Self-Serving Bias: Attributions to support a positive view of ourselves; good things are internal, bad things are external.
Attitude Origins
- Origin of Attitudes look to the source of attitudes; some sources include experiences, direct experience or mere exposure, social learning, genetics, attitudes and classical conditioning, attitudes and operant conditioning.
- Exposure to novel things initially produces fear but more exposure reduces it and fosters interest and greater positive attitudes.
- Social Learning Theory new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others.
- Classical Conditioning stimulus that elicits emotion paired with a neutral stimulus, eventually neutral elicits emotion; positive or negative stimuli can change attitudes even without explicit awareness.
- Operant Conditioning rewarded behavior becomes more frequent, punished behavior less frequent.
Cognitive Dissonance
- Discomfort caused by holding two conflicting thoughts or behaviors.
- We resolve dissonance by: changing behavior, changing thoughts, adding new thoughts/justifications.
- Example: Cheating on an exam to justify behavior.
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Description
Explore the intricate components and types of attitudes in psychology. This quiz covers explicit and implicit attitudes, their definitions, and measurement methods like the Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT). Test your understanding of how attitudes influence behavior and cognition.
