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Questions and Answers
What is the term for prejudice against a particular race?
What is the term for unequal treatment based on group membership?
What is the cognitive component of prejudice, involving negative and oversimplified beliefs about a group?
What is the term for simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings towards people of other races?
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What is the affective component of prejudice, involving negative feelings towards a group?
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What is the term for the behavioral component of prejudice, involving unequal treatment?
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What is the purpose of prejudice, according to the content?
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What is the term for human zoos where Africans and conquered indigenous peoples were kept in pens and cages?
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What is scapegoat theory in the context of prejudice and stereotyping?
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What is an example of a positive stereotype?
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What is the underlying message when someone labels others as lazy, unmotivated, and dirty?
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What is social categorization based on?
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What is the term for the fear that one might confirm stereotypes that others hold?
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What is the term for the tendency to perceive outgroup members as more similar to each other than ingroup members?
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What is the term for the process of taking credit for success but refusing blame for problems and failures?
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What is the term for the process of focusing more on evidence that supports one’s expectations than on evidence that contradicts them?
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What is prejudice based on, according to the text?
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What is the term for a prediction that ensures, by the behavior it generates, that it will come true?
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Which of the following groups has faced increased prejudice and discrimination since 2001?
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What is the term for the excessive fear of homosexuals or homosexual behavior?
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What is the term for a cooperative learning technique for reducing feelings of prejudice by having students interact and cooperate to learn material?
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What is the term for being obvious or standing out?
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What is a common consequence of being overweight?
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What is the term for the cognitive beliefs that associate groups with traits?
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Study Notes
Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotypes
- Prejudice: negative feeling toward an individual due to their group membership
- Discrimination: unequal treatment based on group membership
- Stereotype: cognitive beliefs that associate groups with traits
The ABC of Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotypes
- Affective component: prejudice
- Behavioral component: discrimination
- Cognitive component: stereotyping
Types of Prejudice and Stereotypes
- Racism: prejudice against a particular race
- Aversive racism: simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings toward people of other races
- Subtypes: categories for people who don’t fit a general stereotype
Categorization and Social Cognition
- Social categorization: sorting people into groups on the basis of common characteristics
- Outgroup members: people who belong to a different group or category than we do
- Ingroup members: people who belong to the same group or category as we do
- Outgroup homogeneity bias: outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members
Prejudices and Subjective Perception
- Prejudice is an affective based perception on differences among groups of people
- Includes racial prejudice (racism) and gender prejudice (sexism)
- Prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims has dramatically increased since September 11, 2001
Common Prejudices and Targets
- Atheists: disliked around the world in communities in which the majority of individuals are religious
- People who are overweight: research confirms there is a bias against admitting overweight students to college
- Homosexuals: homophobia is excessive fear of homosexuals or homosexual behavior
What Causes Prejudice?
- Innate versus cultural causes of prejudice and stereotyping
- Are stereotypes always wrong, mostly wrong, or mostly right?
Inner Processes
- Inner processes (e.g., emotions) contribute to prejudice and stereotyping
- Salience: being obvious or standing out
- Scapegoat theory: blaming misfortunes on outgroups contributes to negative attitudes
- Self-serving bias: taking credit for success but refusing blame for problems and failures
- Confirmation bias: focusing more on evidence that supports one’s expectations than on evidence that contradicts them
Overcoming Stereotypes, Reducing Prejudice
- Conscious override: automatic system may sustain prejudices; conscious system can strive to overcome
- Mental processes of nonprejudiced people: difference lies in conscious system
- Discrimination in reverse: when people are accused of prejudice, they often exert themselves to prove the opposite
- Motives for overcoming prejudice: dedication to equality and social disapproval
- Contact: covert expressions of prejudice can be reduced by intergroup contact
- Superordinate goals: cooperating to achieve common goals is one powerful antidote to intergroup conflict
Impact of Prejudice on Targets
- No culture seems immune to stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination
- Self-fulfilling prophecy: prediction that ensures, by the behavior it generates, that it will come true
- Stigma and self-protection: social comparison, self-worth, and attribution theory
- Competitive victimhood: people may claim victim status because of moral, legal, or financial advantages
- Stereotype threat: fear that one might confirm stereotypes that others hold
- Self-defeating prophecy: prediction that ensures, by the behavior it generates, that it will not come true
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Description
This quiz assesses understanding of prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping, including their differences, impacts, and causes. It also covers research on stereotypes, inner processes, and overcoming stereotypes.
