Prejudice and Stereotypes Quiz

<p>Stereotype-consistent information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal identity and social identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intergroup discrimination enhanced people’s self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tendency to view all out-group members as similar to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compromised performance on a task due to anxiety about confirming negative stereotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through contact with the other group of equal status and without competition, aiming to achieve a common goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cooperation for a common goal made group differences disappear</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Categorizing a former out-group as in-group</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Out-group homogeneity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A positive or negative attitude towards a person based on their group membership, with most focus on negative attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure implicit attitudes triggered automatically</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An authoritarian personality type linked to prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The desire to dominate lower status groups and preference for hierarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mere categorization of individuals into groups leads to negative out-group attitudes and positive in-group biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phenomenon of in-group and out-group biases fostered by the existence of two groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prejudice = Positive or negative attitude towards a person based on their group membership Racism = Prejudice based on ethnic group membership Social dominance orientation = Measuring the desire to dominate lower status groups and preference for hierarchy Intergroup conflict = Arises from fights over scarce resources, leading to prejudice and hostility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adorno et al. = Authoritarian personality type linked to prejudice, measured by the 'Fascism scale' (F scale) Rokeach = Theory of the open and closed mind aimed to measure dogmatism Tajfel et al. = Minimal group experiments demonstrating the categorization of individuals into groups leads to negative out-group attitudes and positive in-group biases Sidanius = Proposed the concept of social dominance orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implicit attitudes = Triggered automatically, can be measured using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) Cognitive loops = Strengthen existing prejudice by reinforcing beliefs about particular groups Social norms = Have a greater impact on prejudice than individual factors Social identity theory = Explains the phenomenon of in-group and out-group biases fostered by the existence of two groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fiske and Taylor (1991) = Argued that we form social schemas and stereotypes save cognitive effort Brewer (1988) = Argued that stereotypes often develop towards observable attributes of a person Hamilton &amp; Gifford (1976) = Described the illusory correlation which assumes a relationship between variables that does not exist Tajfel (1981) = Argued that stereotypes are based on learning and socialization, and less on direct experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prototypes = Essentially stereotypes that save cognitive effort Stereotypes = Organize information about groups and miss significant differences between group members Illusory correlation = Assumes a relationship between variables that does not exist and perpetuates racial stereotypes Socialization = Basis for the development of stereotypes and less on direct experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schemas and stereotypes = Save cognitive effort and lead to generalization and missing significant differences between group members Illusory correlation = Leads individuals to assume non-existent relationships between variables and perpetuates racial stereotypes Socialization = Basis for the development of stereotypes and less on direct experience Attention to stereotype-consistent information = Leads to better memory of such information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohen (1981) and Crisp &amp; Turner (2014) = Found that individuals tend to pay more attention to stereotype-consistent information and have a better memory of such information Tajfel (1981) = Demonstrated that stereotypes are based on learning and the way we have been socialized, and less on direct experience Hamilton &amp; Gifford (1976) = Described the illusory correlation which assumes a relationship between variables that does not exist and perpetuates racial stereotypes Brewer (1988) = Argued that stereotypes often develop towards observable attributes of a person</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lemyre and Smith = Demonstrated that intergroup discrimination enhanced people’s self-esteem Linville et al. = Demonstrated the phenomenon of out-group homogeneity Steel et al. = Found a significant difference in performance on a verbal ability test based on race Allport = Proposed that prejudice can be reduced through contact with the other group</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Out-group homogeneity = Reflects our tendency to view all out-group members as similar to each other Stereotype threat = Leads to compromised performance on a task due to anxiety about confirming negative stereotypes Reducing Prejudice = Can be achieved through contact between groups of equal status and without competition Social identity theory = Explains that the more positive we regard our in-group, the more positive our self-image will be</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robbers Cave Experiment = Cooperation for a common goal made group differences disappear Tajfel et al.'s minimal group experiments = Demonstrated that categorizing a former out-group as in-group eliminated prejudice and hostile attitudes towards the out-group Adorno et al. = Proposed the existence of social dominance orientation Sherif = Made both groups work together to restore the camp’s water supply, reducing group differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myers = Proposed that if we struggle to establish a positive personal identity, we try to improve our self-esteem through positive group identity Martin et al. = Proposed that out-group homogeneity reflects standardized societal beliefs that have become social norms Reicher et al. = Provided evidence to demonstrate that categorizing a former out-group as in-group eliminated prejudice and hostile attitudes towards the out-group Cohen (1981) and Crisp &amp; Turner (2014) = Proposed that illusory correlation leads individuals to assume that stereotype-consistent information is more informative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Existence of non-existent relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significant differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning and socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Our tendency to view all out-group members as similar to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intergroup discrimination enhanced people’s self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cooperation for a common goal made group differences disappear</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People’s actual performance on a task may be compromised</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contact between both groups of equal status and without competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contact between both groups of equal status and without competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Out-group homogeneity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To restore the camp’s water supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A negative attitude towards a person based on their group membership</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring implicit attitudes triggered automatically</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnic group membership</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mere categorization of individuals into groups leads to negative out-group attitudes and positive in-group biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Underperformance due to the fear of confirming a negative stereotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An authoritarian personality type linked to prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phenomenon of in-group and out-group biases fostered by the existence of two groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social dominance orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater than individual factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative out-group attitudes and positive in-group biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group membership and social roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fiske and Taylor argued that we form social schemas which organize information about other people, groups, and events, and that when we categorize information about groups, we do this based on prototypes, which are essentially stereotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereotypes can be subject to biases such as illusory correlation, which assumes a relationship between two variables that does not exist, and overestimation of how often this relationship co-occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tajfel argued that stereotypes are based on learning and the way we have been socialized, and less on direct experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals tend to pay more attention to stereotype-consistent information and have a better memory of such information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contact between both groups must be of equal status and without competition, and the aim to achieve a common goal will also reduce prejudice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cooperation for a common goal made group differences disappear, providing evidence that categorizing a former out-group as in-group eliminated prejudice and hostile attitudes towards the out-group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allport proposed that prejudice can be reduced through contact with the other group, under the conditions of equal status and without competition, and the aim to achieve a common goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Out-group homogeneity is a clear bias and reflects our tendency to view all out-group members as similar to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People may be anxious that they confirm existing negative stereotypes about their group, leading to compromised performance on tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social Identity Theory proposes that the more positive we regard our in-group, the more positive our self-image will be, and if struggling to establish a positive personal identity, we try to improve our self-esteem through positive group identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lemyre and Smith (1985) demonstrated that intergroup discrimination enhanced people’s self-esteem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Out-group homogeneity reflects standardized societal beliefs that have become social norms, leading to the persistent view of all out-group members as similar to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit attitudes towards other social groups can be consciously controlled, while implicit attitudes are triggered automatically and cannot be controlled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures implicit attitudes towards social groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social dominance orientation measures the desire to dominate lower status groups and preference for a hierarchy in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adorno et al. proposed the existence of an authoritarian personality type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social norms have a greater impact on prejudice than individual factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive loop strengthens existing prejudice by confirming beliefs about a particular group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racism is prejudice based on ethnic group membership; sexism is prejudice based on gender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most social psychological research has focused on negative attitudes associated with prejudice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures implicit attitudes towards social groups, which cannot be consciously controlled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social norms have a greater impact on prejudice than individual factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People may hold prejudiced thoughts and feelings but not publicly act upon them due to social unacceptability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rokeach's theory measures dogmatism and aims to allow for high-scoring individuals from either the right or the left wing.</p> Signup and view all the answers