PSYA02: Human Development and Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Which chapter focuses specifically on human development?

  • Chapter 12
  • Chapter 11 (correct)
  • Chapter 10
  • Chapter 7

    • Human development encompasses change only during childhood.

    False

    What are the four main periods of human development?

    Prenatal period and infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood

    The _______ period covers the age range from 2 to 3 years.

    <p>infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the periods of human development with their corresponding age ranges:

    <p>Prenatal period and infancy = Conception to 2-3 years Childhood = 2-3 to 11 years Adolescence = 12 to ?? years Adulthood = ?? years and beyond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered one of the most widespread causes of fetal abnormalities?

    <p>Teratogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fetuses are unable to experience any stimuli while in utero.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a fetus's heartbeat in reaction to different external stimuli?

    <p>The fetal heartbeat changes in reaction to external voices and is different in reaction to music than to human speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The period of time prior to birth is known as __________ development.

    <p>prenatal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the developmental processes to their definitions:

    <p>Neurogenesis = Formation of new neurons Myelination = Insulation of neuron axons Synaptogenesis = Formation of synapses between neurons Synaptic pruning = Elimination of excess synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average amount of time neonates spend sleeping per day?

    <p>16 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active sleep in newborns refers to non-REM sleep.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'perception' refer to in the context of sensory information?

    <p>The organization and interpretation of sensory information into coherent understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of a newborn's sleep is characterized by _____ sleep.

    <p>quiet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sleep states with their descriptions:

    <p>Active awake = When the child is awake and moving around Alert awake = Eyes are alert and observing Quiet sleep = Non-REM sleep Active sleep = REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do most children fail the Sally-Anne false belief task?

    <p>3 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All infants develop attachment styles in the same way.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional bond is essential for healthy human development?

    <p>attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mary Ainsworth developed the __________ situational procedure to measure attachment styles.

    <p>strange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the unexpected contents task measure in terms of theory of mind?

    <p>A child's understanding of beliefs differing from reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Egocentrism = The inability to see a situation from another's perspective Sociocentrism = Understanding and considering the social environment Attachment = The emotional bond between an infant and caregiver Self-esteem = One's overall sense of personal value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The positivity bias in children's self-descriptions declines quickly after school age.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does infant visual acuity reach adult-like levels?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a secure attachment style in infants predict for adulthood?

    <p>Academic achievement, emotional health, relationship quality, self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflexes in newborns consist of voluntary movements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two rules describe the development of motor skills in infants?

    <p>Cephalocaudal rule and proximodistal rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants' grasping and rooting are examples of _______.

    <p>reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the motor development rule with its description:

    <p>Cephalocaudal rule = Skills develop from head to feet Proximodistal rule = Skills develop from center to the periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate visual acuity of infants at one month of age?

    <p>20/400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural practices have no effect on infant motor skill development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does a 10-month-old infant typically experience REM sleep?

    <p>Approximately 4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?

    <p>Emergence of thinking and understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crawling allows children to see much of the world around them.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two stages of Piaget's cognitive development that occur during infancy and early childhood?

    <p>Sensorimotor stage and Preoperational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children modify their schema to fit new knowledge through _______.

    <p>accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match Piaget's stages with their corresponding age ranges:

    <p>Sensorimotor stage = 0-2 years Preoperational stage = 2-6 years Concrete operational stage = 6-11 years Formal operational stage = 11 years - adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does children shifting from egocentrism to sociocentrism in the preoperational stage indicate?

    <p>They begin to understand others' perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, children acquire new knowledge without revising their existing schema.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range does the Concrete operational stage cover according to Piaget?

    <p>6-11 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology

    • Course email: [email protected]
    • Office hours: scheduled via Calendly with K. Danielson
    • Textbook chapters covered: 7 and 10-16
    • Midterm exam: Chapters 7, 10, 11, and 12
    • Final exam: Chapters 13-16
    • Required textbook: Mind Tap
    • Research Participation: SONA (4 hours)
    • Peer learning tool: Studiosity (peer scholar)
    • Textbook PDF: available via Dropbox link.
    • First lecture (LEC 2) focused on Chapter 11: Human Development
    • Human development study: examines continuity & change over lifespan
    • Key development topics: sensation, perception, cognition, language, emotion, social behaviour, moral development.
    • 4 main periods of human development: prenatal (conception to 2-3 years), childhood (2-11 years), adolescence (12-?? years), and adulthood (?? years- death)

    Prenatal Development (Chapter 4)

    • Significant development occurs during fetal period (9 weeks-birth)
    • Neurogenesis, myelination, synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning
    • Fetal experience: tastes, smells, sounds, and tactile sensations
    • Fetal audition - fetal heartbeat reacts to external voices/music differently.
    • Teratogens: factors that cause damage or death during prenatal development.

    Neonatal Development

    • Newborns spend majority of the day sleeping.
    • Physical growth, brain development, and energy use are significant aspects of a newborn's life.
    • Neonatal sleep: average 8 hours for adults, less for older adults.

    Perceptual Development

    • Perceptual experiences start early (in utero).
    • Sensory organs detect physical signals and the brain processes this into perceptions.
    • Preferential looking: used to understand infant perceptions. Infants spend more of their time looking at interesting/stimulating visual elements.
    • Development of visual acuity.
    • Visual acuity development: in the first month of life, visual acuity increases approx. from 20/400 to 20/120.
    • Adult-like visual acuity achieved by 6 months.
    • Color and Depth perception develops in the first six months.

    Motor Development in Infancy

    • Newborn motor skills primarily consist of reflexes (grasping, rooting, sucking).
    • Cephalocaudal rule: "top-to-bottom" - motor skills develop sequentially from head to feet.
    • Proximodistal rule: "inside-to-outside" - motor skills develop from the center of the body to the periphery.

    Cognitive Development

    • Cognitive development: the emergence of thinking and understanding.
    • Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
    • Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years): infants rely heavily on their senses to understand the world around them.
    • Preoperational stage (2-6 years): characterized by egocentrism.
    • Concrete operational stage (6-11 years): more logical, less egocentric.
    • Formal operational stage (11 years-adulthood): abstract thought.
    • Piaget believed children move through these stages by acquiring new knowledge.

    Social Development

    • Piaget: Transition from egocentrism to sociocentrism
    • Human children form strong bonds with primary caregivers like other animal parents
    • Attachment theory: essential for healthy development.
    • Measuring attachment differences: The strange situation procedure.
    • Attachment styles: secure and insecure.
    • Identity development in early childhood.

    Self-Esteem

    • Social comparison begins early.
    • Cognitive development and perspective taking influence self-esteem.
    • Self-esteem: relatively stable, but the amount of change varies across the lifespan.
    • Gender gap exists in self-esteem, which is influenced by societal expectations.
    • Physical attributes influence self-esteem for some

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts from PSYA02, focusing on human development as outlined in Chapter 11. It explores the four main periods of development, significant milestones in sensation, perception, cognition, and social behavior. Prepare to test your knowledge on continuity and change throughout the lifespan.

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