PSYA02 Lecture Notes PDF
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University of Toronto
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These are lecture notes from a University of Toronto course on Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology. The notes cover topics including Human Development and Prenatal Development.
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PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Main Email: [email protected] Overview Office hours (must be scheduled) Start with Chapter 11 https://calendly.com/kdan...
PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Main Email: [email protected] Overview Office hours (must be scheduled) Start with Chapter 11 https://calendly.com/kdanielson 1. Infinite child adolescent and adult Covers Chapters 7, and 10-16 only development ○ Midterm: Chapters 7, 10, 11, and 12 2. Intelligence and language ○ Final: Chapters 13-16 3. Personality Textbook: Mind Tap 4. Social psychology SONA: 4hr conducted research 5. Psychological disorders and treatment Square Cap 6. Health psychology Studiosity (peer scholar) Textbook pdf https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/a7jjh6fwxf06y8f1o99ea/AN05mleRKQth639c0PLyuvk?dl=0&e=1 &preview=PSYA02+-+Top+Hat.pdf&rlkey=s8xyxk4v94fcaolh1pidko97m&st=sa1nf21v LEC 2: Friday, 10 January Chapter 11: Human Development The study of human development is the examination of continuity and change across the lifespan We will explore this continuity and change on a variety of topics: ○ Sensation and perception ○ Cognition and language ○ Emotion ○ Social and moral behaviour 4 main periods of human development: ○ Prenatal period and infancy (conception 2-3 years) ○ Childhood (2-3-11 years) ○ Adolescence (12- ?? yrs) ○ Adulthood (?? - death) Early experience in infancy: crucial to normal development PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Failure of autobiographical memory leads us to believe that our experiences as young infants are less relevant The earliest experiences of the human organism are ○ In utero experience prior to being born ○ 5 senses The human experience begins w conception: ○ prenatal development: the period of time prior to birth Prenatal Development Much experience and learning occur during the fetal period (Chapter 4) ○ Neurogenesis ○ Myelination ○ Synaptogenesis ○ Synaptic pruning Developmental processes in brain development Fetuses experience stimuli in utero ○ Tastes and smells ○ Sounds ○ tactile sensation Fetal experience and sensation - fetal audition (hearing) ○ Fetal heartbeat changes in reaction to external voices being played ○ Fetal heartbeat is different in reaction to music than to human speech PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology ○ Newborns recognize a mother’s language and voice Teratogens: external agents that cause damage or death during prenatal development The presence of teratogens are one of the most widespread causes of fetal abnormalities. Most affect fetuses during a series of critical and sensitive periods Newborns and beyond Neonatal period: period after birth (newborn) The avg neonate (newborn) spends the majority of the day sleeping (around 5 hours, ⅔ of the day) ○ Why?: physical growth, lots of connections forming in the brain, lots of use of energy Neonatal sleep: ○ Adults sleep 8hr avg ○ Older adults need less sleep ○ Learn how to read the chart Active awake: when the child is awake, moving around Alert awake: eyes are alert and observing Quiet sleep: non-rem sleep Active sleep: rem sleep PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Perceptual Development: begins in utero Perceptual experiences beginning after birth are much richer Sensation = sensory organs’ detection of physical signals in the environment Perception: organization and interpretation of the sensory information into coherent understanding of objects, individuals, events Preferential looking: powerful method to understand infant perception Infants choose to spend more of their time looking at objects and events that are interesting/stimulating Visual acuity: stripes are more interested in the stripes to the right bc they r more visually stimulating. This is called discrimination In their first month of life, infants’ visual acuity increases from approx. 20/400 to approx 20/120 ○ This acuity is equivalent to being able to decipher only the top line of a visual acuity test plate Adult-like acuity by 6 months Colour perception and depth perception develops in the first 6 months, too PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Motor development in infancy Newborns motor skills consist predominantly of reflexes: ○ Grasping, rooting (moving head), sucking, swallowing, tonic neck reflex ○ Some last for the entire lifespan: coughing, sneezing, blinking, withdrawal of pain QnA: The end of the geminal phase of prenatal development and the beginning of the embryonic phase is implantation in the uterine wall - A 10mo baby rem sleep is approx 4hr LEC 3: Wednesday, 15 January Human Development: Part 2: Infant and child development Major Patterns in motor development Piaget theory of cognitive development and its 1st two stages Examples of false belief tasks Motor development in infancy After reflexes, the development of sophisticated motor behaviours follows 2 rules: ○ Cephalocadual rule: ‘top-to-bottom’ rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet ○ Proximodistal rule: ‘inside-to-outside’ rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery Motor Development (IN NA) Different cultures enable differences in a baby’s development of motor skills: some are more guided and protective, while other let babies develop these skills on their own Chart specifically refers to North American samples PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Motor development -> Visual development ○ Motor development also has a clear effect on visual development. Walking -> more visual development than crawling (can’t see much when crawling) Cognitive Development: the emergence of the ability to think and understand At the same time perceptual and motor abilities develop, children learn to think ab the world around them ○ This emergence of the ability to think and understand is called cognitive development ○ Jean Piaget: swiss psychologist who pioneered the understanding of children’s cognitive development by dividing it up into stages Sensormoritor stage ( 0-2 years) Pre-operational stage (2-6 years) Concrete operational stage (6-11 years) Formal operational stage (11y - adulthood) ○ Piaget believed that children move from one stage to the next as they gain knowledge ab the world 1. Children acquire knowledge PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology 2. They organize this knowledge into a schema 3. They acquire new knowledge 4. They add this new knowledge to their existing schema (assimilation) 5. Children acquire new knowledge that doesn’t fit within their existing schema 6. Children modify their schema to fit this new knowledge (accommodation) LEC 4: Friday, 17 January 2 of Piaget’s stages occur during infancy and early childhood ○ Sensorimotor stage: (0-2 years) infants rely predominantly on their movement and senses to learn about the world ○ Preoperational stage: (2-6 years). children move from egocentrism to sociocentrism Children develop a theory of mind- the understanding that human behaviour is guided by mental representations and that these mental representations differ across individuals. How do we measure theory of mind?: theory of mind tasks One way is via false belief tasks “Change of location task: ○ Aka the ”sally-Anne task” ○ Failed by most 3-year-olds Unexpected contents task: ○ Failed by most 3 and 4-year-olds PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Social Development Piaget describes the transition from egocentrism to sociocentrism…. And infants are more egocentric than older children But the sociocentrism of humans is one of our most defining features, even from birth Human children form bonds w their caregivers like other animals ○ This emotional bond is called attachment ○ Its an essential part of healthy human development ○ Animas shown to not thrive socially without attachment Individual differences in attachment All infants require an attachment figure for normal development But there are major individual differences in how infants are attached to their caregivers How are these differences measured? ○ The extent to which an infant uses their caregiver as a secure base ○ How the infant reacts to reunions with their caregiver after short separations Mary Ainsworth developed the strange situation procedure to operationalize and measure these variables ○ She proposed that infants can be securely or insecurely attached to their caregivers ○ An infant attachment style predicts many outcomes in adulthood Academic achievement emotional health Relationship quality Self-esteem Identity in early childhood Young children describe themselves ○ Almost always positively ○ Physical terms Decline of positivity: Postitvty bias declines quickly at school age PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Why? Social comparison beings, cognitive skills increase, perspective taking increases, schools begin objective evaluations Self-esteem consistency: meal level change Young children have high self-esteem Adolescents have relatively lower self-esteem: especially true for women Gender gap may be related to societal expectations However, compared to other ppl, an individuals self-esteem is relatively consistent across the lifespan Rank-order stability ○ Children with lower self-esteem tend to have lower as adults as well Much variability in self esteem is due to heredity ○ Identical twins self-esteem correlates to a greater degree to non-twin siblings ○ Physical appearance ○ Physical abilities PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology LEC 5: Wednesday, 22 January LEC 6: Friday, 24 January LEC 7:Wednesday, 29 January LEC 8: Friday, LEC 9: Wednesday,