lecture 2
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Questions and Answers

What process did Metzhakov observe in sea urchins?

  • Imagination
  • Ingression (correct)
  • Embryogenesis
  • Vagination
  • What did the independent observations of Metzhakov and the other researcher reveal?

  • They both misunderstood the processes occurring
  • Both were wrong in their observations
  • Both were correct in their observations (correct)
  • One was observing imagination while the other was observing ingression
  • What processes occur in Amphioxis and sea urchins during early stages of embryogenesis?

  • Vagination and ingression (correct)
  • Vagination and imagination
  • Ingression and embryogenesis
  • Imagination and ingression
  • What is the main reason for the difficulty in explaining the experiments involving green fluorescent cells?

    <p>The requirement to make a transgenic animal that fluoresces in all its cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the amino acid sequences in the protein of quails from that of chickens?

    <p>They are distinct from each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge associated with visualizing quail cells compared to chicken cells?

    <p>The inability to target a specific protein in quail cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between involution and epiboly?

    <p>Involution involves local action, while epiboly involves large scale movement of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of delamination in the context of embryonic development?

    <p>Formation of an inner layer from the outer layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the process of epiboly differ from involution and delamination?

    <p>Epiboly involves large scale systemic level movement, while involution and delamination are local events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction is the embryo being sliced to produce the transverse section?

    <p>Horizontally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the embryo is described as 'belly down'?

    <p>Ventral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system is located 'up here' in the transverse section of the embryo?

    <p>Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as occurring at 'bottleneck points' in development according to the text?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What experimental technique is mentioned in the text as a way to perform lineage tracing?

    <p>Fluorescent markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of embryonic development, which scientist's drawings supported the theory that gastrulation evolved via ingression?

    <p>Drawings of Élie Metchnikoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ernst Haeckel's illustrations support the theory of in the context of embryonic development?

    <p>Gastrulation evolved via invagination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Figure 8.5 in the provided text?

    <p>Cell movements during gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do all vertebrate embryos converge on a common structure?

    <p>Neurulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do pharyngeal arch cells form in adult fish?

    <p>Hyomandibular jaws and gill arches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mammals, what has become internalized and forms the incus of the middle ear?

    <p>Quadrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the larval stage in barnacles and shrimp?

    <p>It underscores their common ancestry as crustacean arthropods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sea squirts (tunicates) have in common with other chordates?

    <p>Dorsal nervous system and a notochord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did phylogenetics confirm about sea squirts (tunicates)?

    <p>They are chordates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Tiktaalik roseae in the context of animal evolution?

    <p>It showed characteristics of both fish fins and amphibian forelimbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the homologous supporting structures in a human arm, a seal forelimb, a bird wing, and a bat wing indicate?

    <p>They are all homologous as wings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'analogous' refer to in the context of bird and bat forelimbs as wings?

    <p>They evolved independently of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tunicates lack, which cephalochordates and vertebrates have?

    <p>Somites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Archaeopteryx exhibit that made it distinctive?

    <p>Feathered wings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the adaptations of bird and bat forelimbs to flight indicate about their wings?

    <p>They are analogous but not homologous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The webbing between the mouse's digits dies through ______ at embryonic day 14

    <p>apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ctenophores, such as the comb jelly, exhibit the first interconnected system of ______ cells

    <p>nerve-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cnidarians such as the sea anemone show the first signs of ______

    <p>gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilateral symmetry evolves (aceols) and ______ emerges, generating a diversity of arthropod lineages

    <p>segmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Development of a 2-layered organism with a proliferative inner layer and an epithelial filter-feeding outer layer is a key developmental adaptation that occurred in evolutionary history in animals, depicting the emergence of digestive architectures with the evolution of tighter junctions and extracellular ______

    <p>matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

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