Programming Concepts Quiz

Study Notes

Debugging: Locating and fixing errors in a program.
Compiling: The process of converting source code into machine-executable code.
Linking: Combining object files created during compilation to form an executable program.
Output: The results produced by a program.
Errors and Warnings: Problems in code that prevent compilation or execution or indicate potential issues.

Variable Declarations: Variables must be declared before use to store values of correct type.
Conditional Logic (if-else): Uses boolean expressions to determine which block of code to execute.
Logical Operators: && (AND), || (OR), = (equals), > (greater than), < (less than) used in conditional statements.
Input: User input, using cin, is crucial for the code's functionality.
Output: Printing variables to the console, using cout, is how the results of a calculation are displayed.
Example: Code fragment evaluates int1 > 100 and int2 = 50. If both are true, int3 will be calculated, then printed, otherwise int3 takes the value of int1.

switch statement: A control flow statement that executes different code blocks based on the value of an expression.

Identifiers: Names given to variables, functions, classes, etc.
Rules to follow:
- Must start with a letter or the underscore character.
- Can be followed by letters, numbers, or underscores.
Examples: adb, Ba3 are valid. x:23 is NOT valid.

Conditional Statements: if-else statements execute different code blocks based on specific conditions.
Logical Operators (&& vs. ||): The fundamental difference is that && (AND) requires both expressions to be true for execution, while || (OR) requires only one to be true. = (equals also should be used to represent equality.)

Conditional Statements: Nested if statement.
Code Evaluation: Given a value for i, the code determines whether the conditions are met to print different messages.

Data Types: int, float, double.
Operators: cout, for printing the value of a variable. / for division, which results in a float result if one of the operands is a float.

Variables: Memory locations that store values.
Assignment: Changing the value of a variable.
Keywords: Special words with predefined meanings in a programming language.
Constants: Variables whose values cannot be changed after initialization.
Identifiers: Names given to variables, functions, etc., obeying specific rules (e.g., starting with a letter or underscore).
Syntax: Rules for writing instructions.
Compiler: Reads and analyses code, translating it to machine-executable code if it complies with the syntax.
Output statements (cout): Display output to the console.

Error Handling: if-else statements are often used to prevent unexpected errors when dealing with user inputs and calculations. Runtime errors occur during execution as opposed to compile-time errors, which occur during compilation.
Comparison Operators: >=, <=, >, <, == used to compare values for conditional logic

Output Devices: Print messages to the screen.
Input Devices: Take user input.
Memory: Holds data to be processed, memory is classified a primary and secondary storage, where primary storage is RAM and secondary storage is long-term storage such as ROM, a hard drive.

Modulo Operator: The % operator finds the remainder of a division problem.

Buoyancy: The ability of an object to float in a liquid or gas, determined by the buoyant force and object's weight.
Program Task: Prompt the user for sphere details and compute if it will float, in this context, it involves prompting for a radius and weight, performing calculations given a formula to determine the object's volume, and checking if the buoyant force exceeds the weight of the object.