Structured Programming Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the main goal of the programmer according to the text?

  • Maximize code clarity and output clarity
  • Minimize effort and minimize program size
  • Write simple and easy-to-read programs with few bugs (correct)
  • Develop programs quickly without considering productivity

Which programming principle focuses on the simplification of program structure?

  • Minimize Memory
  • Structured Programming (correct)
  • Maximize Output Clarity
  • Maximize Code Clarity

What is the static structure of a program according to Structured Programming principles?

  • Execution order of statements
  • Correctness of the program
  • Dynamic behavior of the program
  • Ordering of statements in the code (correct)

What is the dynamic structure of a program according to Structured Programming?

<p>Execution order of statements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be shown to demonstrate the correctness of a program as per Structured Programming principles?

<p>Dynamic behavior is as expected (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did structured programming originate?

<p>1970s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of coding according to the text?

<p>To make the job of testers and maintainers easier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for code to be easy to read according to the text?

<p>For debugging and extending purposes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Weinberg experiment demonstrate about setting clear goals for coding?

<p>Having clear objectives helps achieve them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of structured programming?

<p>To develop programs whose dynamic structure matches the static structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor should coding aim to reduce according to the text?

<p>Maintainability costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the focus when writing code according to the text?

<p>Maximizing output clarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to have a closer correspondence between dynamic and static structures in programming?

<p>To simplify the understanding of dynamic behavior using static structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of giving different goals to programmers in the Weinberg experiment?

<p>Final programs generally satisfied the given criteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of constructs are recommended in structured programming for achieving objectives?

<p>Single-entry-single-exit constructs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should structured constructs have a clear behavior in programming?

<p>To simplify the composition of behaviors in programs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does structured programming play in formal verification of programs?

<p>It helps simplify and facilitate formal verification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of information hiding in software solutions?

<p>Restricting certain operations on information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formal specification required for the program implementation?

<p>Rules for interpreting the program (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of metrics for size, what does Halstead's Volume measure?

<p>The complexity based on control flow graph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metric is generally used to represent a program by its control flow graph?

<p>Cyclomatic Complexity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Cyclomatic Complexity measure in a program?

<p>Number of linearly independent cycles in the graph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Cyclomatic Complexity calculated based on the number of nodes (n) and edges (e) in the control graph?

<p>$en$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a program does Halstead's Volume indicate by its formula $V = N imes log_2(n)$?

<p>Vocabulary length (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference in the order of activities between Test Driven Development (TDD) and traditional coding?

<p>In TDD, test scripts are written before the code, whereas in traditional coding, the code is written first. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Test Driven Development (TDD) in terms of maintaining code quality?

<p>TDD ensures that all functionality is covered by the test cases, leaving no room for incomplete code. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Test Driven Development (TDD) affect the focus during the coding process?

<p>TDD shifts the focus to writing test cases first, whereas traditional coding focuses on immediate code implementation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Pair Programming from individual programming in terms of designing code components?

<p>In Pair Programming, two programmers collaborate to design algorithms and data structures together, unlike individual programming where only one person designs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of Test Driven Development (TDD) mentioned in the text?

<p>Special cases for which test cases are not possible might get overlooked in TDD. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Pair Programming aim to achieve in terms of coding practices?

<p>Pair Programming emphasizes code quality through continuous peer review and feedback. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Goal of Programming

The main goal of programming is to create clear, efficient, and maintainable code. It aims to reduce complexity in programs to enhance readability and maintainability.

Structured Programming

Structured programming simplifies program structure through clear control flows, making code easier to understand and maintain.

Static Structure

The organization of code that does not change during execution, including functions and data structures.

Dynamic Structure

How a program operates at runtime, including function calls and execution flow.

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Program Correctness

Demonstrating program correctness requires formal proofs or tests to ensure the code behaves as intended.

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Structured Programming Origin

Structured programming principles originated in the 1960s to promote disciplined coding methodologies for better code quality.

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Code Readability

Code must be easy to read to simplify debugging and collaboration among programmers.

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Weinberg Experiment

The Weinberg experiment demonstrated that setting clear goals leads to more productive programming practices.

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Objectives of Structured Programming

The main goal of structured programming is to enhance code clarity and reduce logical errors through structured control constructs.

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Minimizing Unpredictability

Reduce unpredictability and complexity in code by using structured programming principles.

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Dynamic & Static Structure Alignment

A closer correspondence between dynamic and static structures aids in program integrity and predictability.

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Programming Constructs

Structured programming recommends using constructs like sequences, selections, and iterations to achieve coding objectives.

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Clear Construct Behavior

Clear and predictable behavior of structured constructs is vital for understanding and maintaining code.

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Formal Verification

Structured programming contributes to formal verification by systematically proving program correctness through defined specifications.

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Halstead's Volume

Measures program size and complexity based on operator and operand counts.

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Cyclomatic Complexity

Quantifies the number of linearly independent paths in a program, essential for understanding program complexity.

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Cyclomatic Complexity Formula

Calculates Cyclomatic Complexity using the formula V(G) = E - N + 2P, where E is edges, N is nodes, and P is the number of connected components in the graph.

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Test Driven Development (TDD)

TDD reverses traditional coding practices by emphasizing test creation before code implementation.

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TDD Code Quality

A key aspect of TDD is maintaining code quality through rigorous testing procedures.

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TDD Developer Focus

TDD refocuses developers on achieving test outcomes rather than just writing functional code.

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Pair Programming

Pair Programming contrasts with individual programming, fostering collaborative design and instant feedback on code components.

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TDD Drawback

A potential downside of TDD is the initial time investment required to create tests, which may slow early development.

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Pair Programming Benefits

Pair Programming aims to improve coding practices through collaboration, sharing knowledge, and reducing errors.

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Structured Control Constructs

Structured control constructs are fundamental to building clear and efficient code.

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Program Correctness

Program correctness is crucial for ensuring reliable and predictable software.

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Code Maintainability

Code maintainability allows developers to easily modify and update code over time.

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Cyclomatic Complexity

Cyclomatic Complexity is a useful metric for assessing the complexity of a program's control flow.

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Weinberg Experiment

The Weinberg experiment highlights the importance of clear goals in achieving programming efficiency.

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Study Notes

Goals of Programming

  • The main goal of programming is to create clear, efficient, and maintainable code.
  • Coding aims to reduce complexity in programs to enhance readability and maintainability.

Programming Principles

  • Structured Programming focuses on simplifying program structure through clear control flows.
  • Static structure refers to the organization of code that does not change during execution, including functions and data structure arrangements.
  • Dynamic structure concerns how the program operates at runtime, such as function calls and the flow of execution.

Correctness and Verification

  • To demonstrate program correctness, structured programming principles require formal proofs or tests.
  • Structured programming originated in the 1960s, promoting disciplined coding methodologies.

Readability and Clarity

  • Code must be easy to read, which simplifies debugging and collaboration among programmers.
  • The Weinberg experiment illustrated that setting clear, specific goals leads to more productive programming practices.

Objectives of Structured Programming

  • The main goal of structured programming is to enhance code clarity and reduce logical errors through structured control constructs.
  • Coding should aim to minimize unpredictability and complexity.

Dynamic and Static Structure Alignment

  • Closer correspondence between dynamic and static structures aids in maintaining program integrity and predictability.

Programming Constructs

  • Structured programming recommends using constructs like sequences, selections, and iterations to achieve coding objectives.
  • Clear behavior in structured constructs is vital for understanding and maintaining code.

Formal Verification

  • Structured programming contributes to formal verification by systematically proving program correctness through defined specifications.

Metrics in Programming

  • Halstead's Volume measures program size and complexity based on operator and operand counts.
  • Cyclomatic Complexity is used to quantify the number of linearly independent paths in a program, essential for understanding complexity.
  • Cyclomatic Complexity calculates using the formula V(G) = E - N + 2P, where E is edges, N is nodes, and P is the number of connected components in the graph.

Test Driven Development (TDD)

  • TDD reverses traditional coding practices by emphasizing test creation before code implementation.
  • A key aspect of TDD is maintaining code quality through rigorous testing procedures.
  • TDD refocuses developers during the coding process on achieving test outcomes rather than merely writing functional code.

Pair Programming

  • Pair Programming contrasts with individual programming by fostering collaborative design and instant feedback on code components.
  • A potential downside of TDD is the initial time investment required to create tests, which may slow early development.
  • Pair Programming aims to improve coding practices through collaboration, sharing knowledge, and reducing errors.

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