Prenatal Development & Learning Milestones
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Questions and Answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between learning and survival?

  • Learning has no impact on survival.
  • Learning occurs only in animals.
  • Learning is only important for humans.
  • Learning allows adaptation to changing conditions. (correct)

Humans have a total of 23 chromosomes in each cell.

False (B)

What are the three developmental controversies mentioned?

Nature vs. nurture, continuous vs. discontinuous stages, stability vs. change.

The organic structure that contains the genetic code for proteins is called _____

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the genetic disorders with their descriptions:

<p>Cystic fibrosis = A disorder affecting the lungs and digestive system Sickle-cell anemia = A blood disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells Tay-Sachs = A fatal genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells Down syndrome = A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 Turner syndrome = A condition affecting females that arises from a missing or incomplete X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many autosomes do humans have?

<p>22 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetics solely dictate development without any influence from the environment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the science of heredity called?

<p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a positive outcome of the isolation stage?

<p>Establishing fulfilling relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Middle Adulthood stage, focusing on the next generation is seen as a negative outcome.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the negative outcome of Late Adulthood involve?

<p>Inability to let go of regrets and seeing death as coming too soon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary goal of _____ vs. stagnation in Middle Adulthood is to focus on the next generation.

<p>generativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the developmental stages with their primary conflict:

<p>Isolation = Positive: fulfilling relationships, Negative: loneliness Middle Adulthood = Positive: generativity, Negative: stagnation Late Adulthood = Positive: integrity, Negative: despair Classical Conditioning = Learning through experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the changes not caused by learning?

<p>Maturation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classical Conditioning is a form of memory that does not change the brain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome associated with not being able to focus outside oneself in Middle Adulthood?

<p>Egocentric behavior and stagnation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a teratogen?

<p>A substance that can cause a birth defect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nervous system is most vulnerable to maternal diseases during weeks 2-5.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflexes do babies demonstrate at birth?

<p>Sucking, rooting, grasping, and stepping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

At birth, infants show a preference for _____ tastes.

<p>sweet</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of Piaget's cognitive development with their characteristics:

<p>Sensorimotor Stage = Children explore the world through senses and movement Preoperational Stage = Children use words and pictures to represent objects and events Concrete Operational Stage = Children can conserve and classify objects Formal Operational Stage = Children develop abstract reasoning abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does menarche typically occur?

<p>Adolescence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vision of newborns is fully developed at birth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is synaptic pruning?

<p>The process of eliminating unnecessary synapses in the brain to enhance efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that Noam Chomsky used to describe the innate ability to acquire language?

<p>Language Acquisition Device (LAD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phonemes are the smallest units of meaning within a language.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks of language according to the rules of language?

<p>Phonemes, Morphemes, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

After ______ months, infants begin to recognize only the phonemes of the language to which they are exposed.

<p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes semantics?

<p>Rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sentence 'Fastly dinner eat, ballgame start soon.' demonstrates good syntax.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following grammar terms with their definitions:

<p>Phonemes = Basic units of sound in a language Morphemes = Smallest units of meaning within a language Syntax = Rules for combining words and phrases Semantics = Rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans use approximately ______ phonemes, while English uses ______ phonemes.

<p>100, 45</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refer to?

<p>Tasks that can be completed with assistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scaffolding refers to providing continuous support with no reduction over time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary takeaway from Vygotsky's theory regarding language?

<p>Language is a mechanism for cognitive development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is part of the Ecological Systems Theory that involves direct contact with the individual.

<p>microsystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes authoritarian parenting?

<p>Highly concerned with rules and control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Permissive parenting leads to children who are often secure and self-sufficient.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Exosystem of Ecological Systems Theory, factors influencing life are __________.

<p>indirect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parenting styles with their characteristics:

<p>Authoritarian = Rigid and controlling with rules Permissive Neglectful = Lacks engagement and allows child freedom Permissive Indulgent = Overly involved and caters to every whim Authoritative = Balanced approach with warmth and limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which language development stage involves the use of repetitive syllables?

<p>Babbling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Overgeneralization occurs when children apply a grammatical rule too narrowly.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the right cerebral hemisphere in language processing?

<p>Understanding metaphors and humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the telegraphic speech stage, a child might say 'Mommy go ______' instead of 'Mommy goes to work.'

<p>work</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of language development with their characteristics:

<p>Cooing = Infants communicate with sounds like 'oo' and 'ah' Babbling = Repetitive syllables such as 'ba-ba' and 'ma-ma' One-Word Stage = Single words used to convey meaning Telegraphic Stage = Simple sentences using essential words only</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'motherese' refer to in language development?

<p>Simplified speech directed towards infants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Language development is solely influenced by genetics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Piaget's theories suggest about the relationship between concepts and vocabulary?

<p>Concepts must be understood before vocabulary develops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children often say 'mouses' instead of ______ due to overgeneralization.

<p>mice</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of language development do children learn to communicate basic needs with single words?

<p>One-Word Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Why is learning important?

The ability to adapt to changing environments, allowing organisms to survive and thrive.

Genetics

The scientific study of how traits are passed down from parents to offspring.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A molecule containing genetic instructions for creating proteins, which control cell functions and traits.

Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

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Chromosomes

A thread-like structure composed of tightly packaged DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell.

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Genetic and chromosomal disorders

A condition caused by an error in an individual's genes or chromosomes, leading to physical or cognitive differences.

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To what extent do genetics dictate development?

It influences development by determining an individual's potential.

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Nature vs nurture

A key concept in development that explores the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors in shaping an individual's traits and behaviors.

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What is a teratogen?

A substance or factor that can cause a birth defect.

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What is a critical period?

A period during prenatal development when a particular organ or structure is most vulnerable to damage.

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What is synaptic pruning?

The process of eliminating unused synapses in the brain.

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What is object permanence?

The realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

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What is conservation?

The ability to understand that the quantity of something stays the same even if its appearance changes.

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What is menarche?

The first time a female experiences her menstrual period.

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What is the Sensorimotor stage?

The stage of development from birth to about 2 years of age, characterized by sensory and motor exploration.

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What is the Preoperational stage?

The stage of development from about 2 to 7 years of age, where children begin to use symbols to represent objects and events.

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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The range of tasks an individual can complete with assistance from a more knowledgeable person.

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Scaffolding

The process of providing support and guidance to a learner within their ZPD, gradually decreasing assistance as they become more competent.

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Microsystem

The close relationships and groups that directly impact an individual's life.

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Mesosystem

The interactions between different groups in the microsystem.

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Exosystem

Indirect factors that affect an individual's life, even if they don't directly interact with them.

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Macrosystem

The broader cultural and social influences that affect an individual's life.

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Authoritarian Parenting

This parenting style focuses on rules and control with little flexibility.

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Permissive Parenting

This parenting style is characterized by minimal demands and high responsiveness to the child's needs.

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Formal Operational Stage

The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations and abstract concepts.

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Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in a language. Examples: 'play' and 'ing' in the word 'playing'.

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Phoneme

The basic units of sound in a language. Examples: 'th', 'sh', and 'au'.

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Syntax

The rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.

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Grammar

The system of rules governing the structure and use of language.

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Semantics

The rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences. Example: 'The ball was hit by Johnny' and 'Johnny hit the ball' have the same syntax but different meaning.

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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Noam Chomsky's theory that humans are born with an innate ability to acquire language.

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Phoneme Recognition in Infants

The ability to recognize and distinguish between all phonemes in any language during infancy. This ability fades with age, allowing infants to only recognize phonemes of the language they are exposed to.

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Isolation

A state of being alone and disconnected from others, often leading to feelings of sadness and emptiness.

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Generativity

A sense of fulfillment and purpose in life, often achieved through contributing to the well-being of others and leaving a positive impact on the world.

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Stagnation

A state of being stuck or unfulfilled in life, often characterized by a lack of purpose and a focus on oneself.

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Integrity

A sense of peace and acceptance of one's life, both its triumphs and regrets, achieved through reflecting on the past and finding meaning in life's journey.

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Despair

Feeling regretful and unsatisfied with one's life, often accompanied by a fear of death and a lack of closure.

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Classical Conditioning

A type of learning that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

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Learning

A change in behaviour or knowledge acquired through experience or practice.

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Maturation

Changes in a person's body or abilities due to natural growth and development, rather than learning.

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Pragmatics

The way we use language in social situations, considering acceptable ways to communicate.

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Intonation

The rise and fall of our voice during speech, which can change meaning.

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Left Cerebral Hemisphere

The part of the brain that controls language skills, including speech, grammar, and understanding.

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Right Cerebral Hemisphere

The part of the brain that helps process humor, metaphors, and non-literal language.

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Multilingual Learning

Learning a second language affects the brain differently depending on when the learner was exposed to the language.

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Motherese

Speech that's simplified and exaggerated to help babies learn language.

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Cooing

The first stage of language development, involving soft, vowel-like sounds.

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Babbling

The second stage of language development, involving repetitive consonant-vowel combinations.

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One-word stage

The third stage of language development, involving the use of single words to express meaning.

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Telegraphic speech

The fourth stage of language development, involving the use of short sentences with essential words only.

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Study Notes

Learning and Development

  • Learning is the process allowing adaptation to world changes.
  • Without learning, human civilization, buildings, agriculture, and medicine would not exist.

Prenatal Development & Milestones

  • Developmental Controversies:
    • Nature vs. nurture
    • Continuous vs. discontinuous stages of development
    • Stability vs. change
  • Biological Building Blocks of Development:
    • Genetics: study of heredity
      • DNA: organic structure containing genetic code for proteins controlling traits.
      • Gene: sequence of DNA
    • Chromosomes: collections of DNA
      • Humans have 46 chromosomes per cell (except sex cells)
      • 23 chromosomes from each parent (22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome XY or XX)
    • Prenatal Hazards:
      • Maternal illness: embryo vulnerable to diseases after placenta connection.
      • Teratogens: substances causing birth defects.
    • Critical Periods: specific gestational times with unique affects:
      • Limbs: 3-8 weeks
      • Heart: 2-6 weeks
      • Nervous system: 2-5 weeks
      • Eyes: 3-8 weeks
      • Teeth/mouth roof: 7-12 weeks

Physical Development

  • Fine and gross motor coordination: Includes reflexes and synaptic pruning (like weeding a garden).

Sensation and Psychological Development

  • Touch: most developed at birth
  • Smell: well-developed at birth; infants can differentiate mother's milk scents from others.
  • Taste: nearly fully developed at birth; infants prefer sweet tastes.
  • Hearing: functional at birth; most responsive to high and low pitches (like voices).
  • Vision: least functional at birth; cones (vision cells) take about 6 months to fully develop

Physical Development in Adolescence

  • Adolescent growth spurts
  • Puberty: development of reproductive ability.
    • Primary and secondary sex characteristics develop (e.g., menarche, spermarche).

Physical Development in Adulthood

  • Leveling off and varying decline in reproductive ability (menopause), mobility, and flexibility.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

  • Sensorimotor: birth to 2 years; exploring world through senses and actions, object permanence.
  • Preoperational: 2 to 7 years; symbolic thinking, pretend play, egocentrism, can't grasp conservation or reversing operations.
  • Concrete Operational: 7 to 12 years; understanding concrete operations like conservation, classification, and reversibility.
  • Formal Operational: 12 years and beyond; abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking, systematic problem-solving.

Fluid/Crystalized Intelligence

  • Fluid intelligence: overall ability to reason, solve new problems, and think abstractly.
  • Crystallized intelligence: knowledge and skills acquired through experience and prior learning; increases with age.

Language

  • Grammar: rules governing language structure.
  • Noam Chomsky: innate language acquisition device (LAD).
  • Building blocks: phonemes (basic units of sounds), morphemes (smallest units of meaning), syntax (combining phrases to make sentences), semantics (word/sentence meaning), and pragmatics (practical use).

Language Development

  • Formal language development: progresses in stages of cooing, babbling, one-word stage, and telegraphic stage.
  • Motherese: child-directed speech.
  • Overgeneralization: applying grammatical rules too broadly.
  • Vygotsky's Theory of Development: Language guides cognitive development. The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the range of tasks that a learner can accomplish with help from a more knowledgeable other.

Cognitive Development

  • Cognitive development driven by social interactions with more knowledgeable others (parents, teachers, society).

Parenting Styles, Attachment & Temperament

  • Ecological Systems Theory: Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem influence development.
  • Parenting styles: Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative
  • Attachment styles: Secure, Avoidant, Anxious, Disorganized-disoriented
  • Temperament: behavioral and emotional characteristics established at birth (e.g., difficult, slow to warm up, easy).

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

  • Stages of psychosocial development across lifespan (e.g. trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion).

Classical Conditioning

  • Learning by association.

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Description

Explore the fascinating stages of prenatal development and the significant milestones affecting human growth. This quiz covers key topics such as genetics, prenatal hazards, and the enduring debates like nature vs. nurture in development. Test your understanding of how learning processes impact human adaptation and civilization.

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