Development and Genetics Questions Part 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the first period of prenatal development?

  • Fetal period
  • Geminal period (correct)
  • Infancy
  • Neonatal period
  • Embryonic period

    • During which period do organ systems begin to develop?

  • Embryonic period (correct)
  • Fetal period
  • Neonatal period
  • Postovulatory age
  • Geminal period

    • What is the clinical age of an unborn child based on?

  • Date of fertilization
  • Morphological development
  • Postovulatory age
  • Date of implantation
  • Last menstrual period (LMP) (correct)

    • Which term describes a baby from birth to 1 month postpartum?

    <p>Neonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range is puberty typically reached in females?

    <p>11-13 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the acrosomal reaction during fertilization?

    <p>Digest the zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents polyspermy during fertilization?

    <p>Both C and D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the second meiotic division in the oocyte?

    <p>Formation of a polar body and female pronucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure results from the fusion of male and female pronuclei?

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a solid ball of 12 or more cells after cleavage?

    <p>Morula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does the blastocyst form?

    <p>Day 5-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure develops into the placenta?

    <p>Trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event occurs during implantation?

    <p>Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes monozygotic twins?

    <p>Two embryos from one zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dizygotic twins develop?

    <p>From two separate zygotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between a morula and a blastocyst?

    <p>Blastocyst has differentiated cells; morula does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the blastocyst becomes the embryo?

    <p>Inner cell mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells invade the uterine wall during implantation?

    <p>Syncytiotrophoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta?

    <p>Provide nutrients and oxygen to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are maternal and fetal blood supplies separated in the placenta?

    <p>Embryonic capillary wall and chorion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does an embryo become a fetus?

    <p>Start of the 9th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for fine hair covering a fetus?

    <p>Lanugo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vernix caseosa?

    <p>Protect the fetus's skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does rapid fetal growth primarily occur?

    <p>Fetal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cytotrophoblast cords?

    <p>Protrude into lacunae to support blood vessel formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a zygote?

    <p>A single cell after fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the umbilical cord?

    <p>Connect the fetus to the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily produced by the trophoblast during early pregnancy?

    <p>hCG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do the lacunae fill with maternal blood?

    <p>14-20 days post-fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure secretes proteolytic enzymes during implantation?

    <p>Syncytiotrophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often do monozygotic twins share both a placenta and an amniotic sac?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dizygotic twins from monozygotic twins?

    <p>They develop from two separate zygotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the trophoblast invades the uterine wall during implantation?

    <p>Syncytiotrophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the embryonic portion of the placenta?

    <p>Trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does implantation occur after fertilization?

    <p>6-7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the blastocyst prepares to implant in the uterus?

    <p>Trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the chorion form during pregnancy?

    <p>The outermost layer of the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the umbilical cord?

    <p>Provide nutrients and oxygen from the placenta to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates fetal blood from maternal blood in the placenta?

    <p>Embryonic capillary wall and chorion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the beginning of the fetal period?

    <p>End of the 8th week of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure becomes the chorionic villi?

    <p>Cytotrophoblast cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fetal structure limits the passage of harmful substances to the fetus?

    <p>Mature placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the waxy coating that protects the fetus's skin?

    <p>Vernix caseosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for cells that can develop into a wide range of tissues?

    <p>Pluripotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote?

    <p>Cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chorionic villi during pregnancy?

    <p>Facilitate maternal-fetal gas and nutrient exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the morula stage?

    <p>A solid ball of undifferentiated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates monozygotic twins from dizygotic twins?

    <p>Monozygotic twins originate from one zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the zona pellucida during implantation?

    <p>It is shed by the blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the hollow structure formed from the morula?

    <p>Blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prenatal Development

    • First period: The germinal period is the initial stage of prenatal development.
    • Organ system development: Organ systems begin to develop during the embryonic period.
    • Clinical age: The clinical age of the unborn child is based on the last menstrual period (LMP).
    • Postpartum baby: A baby from birth to 1 month postpartum is called a neonate.
    • Puberty in females: Puberty typically occurs between 11 and 13 years of age in females.

    Fertilization

    • Acrosomal reaction: The acrosomal reaction is responsible for digesting the zona pellucida.
    • Polyspermy prevention: Multiple mechanisms prevent polyspermy. Cortical and fast/slow blocks prevent the entry of more than one sperm.
    • Meiotic division result: A polar body and female pronucleus result from the second meiotic division in the oocyte.
    • Fusion product: The fusion of male and female pronuclei results in a zygote.
    • Cleavage result: A solid ball of 12+ cells in the zygote at the end of cleavage is called a morula.

    Fertilization to Implantation

    • Blastocyst formation: The blastocyst forms between days 3-7 after fertilization.
    • Placenta structure: The trophoblast structure develops into the placenta.
    • Implantation event: The blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall during implantation.

    Twins

    • Monozygotic twins: Monozygotic twins originate from a single zygote.
    • Dizygotic twins: Dizygotic twins develop from separate zygotes.
    • Dizygotic twins characteristics: Dizygotic twins have separate placentas and amniotic sacs.

    Morula vs. Blastocyst

    • Morula characteristics: A morula is a solid ball of cells.
    • Blastocyst characteristics: A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells.

    Placenta

    • Uterine wall invasion: Syncytiotrophoblast cells invade the uterine wall during implantation.
    • Placental function: The placenta facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus.
    • Blood separation: The chorion and the syncytiotrophoblast separate blood in the placenta.

    Fetal Development

    • Embryo to fetus: An embryo becomes a fetus at the end of the eighth week.
    • Lanugo: Fine hair covering a fetus is called lanugo.
    • Purpose of vernix caseosa: The vernix caseosa protects the fetus's skin.

    Fetal Growth

    • Fetal period growth: Rapid fetal growth occurs during the fetal period.

    Genetic Factors

    • Totipotent cells: Totipotent cells have the potential to develop into a wide range of tissues.
    • Zygotic result: The rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote result in cleavage.

    Additional Questions

    • Zona pellucida during implantation: The zona pellucida hardens to prevent polyspermy, is shed by the blastocyst, and forms the chorion during implantation.
    • Blastocyst structure: The blastocyst's inside cells form the embryo.

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    Development and Genetic Questions Part 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the stages of prenatal development and the fertilization process. Explore key concepts such as the germinal and embryonic periods, the acrosomal reaction, and mechanisms preventing polyspermy. Perfect for students studying biology or related fields.

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