10 Questions
What is the main sign of puberty in girls?
Breast development
Which hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles before ovulation?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What is the typical duration of a menstrual cycle?
28-32 days
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign of puberty in boys?
Breast development
What is the term used for the absence of menstrual periods?
Amenorrhea
Which hormone controls the production of estrogen in girls during puberty?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What is the term used for painful menstrual periods?
Dysmenorrhea
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign of puberty in boys?
Breast development
What is the term used for the monthly release of an egg from the ovary?
Ovulation
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the changes associated with puberty in boys?
Testosterone
Study Notes
Prenatal Development
- Human development begins with the union of two sex cells or gametes, containing 23 pairs of chromosomes
- Chromosomes are composed of DNA, which contains genes, the basic unit of heredity
Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Over 4000 human genetic disorders can occur, caused by recessive or dominant genes
- Examples include:
- Down Syndrome (trisomy 21): extra chromosome on the 21st pair, causing flattened facial features, heart defects, and intellectual disability
- Inherited diseases: genetic tests can determine if a parent is a carrier of a specific disease
- Sex-chromosomal abnormalities:
- Klinefelter's syndrome: extra X chromosome (47, XXY) in boys
- Turner syndrome: missing one X chromosome in girls
Sex Determination
- Sex chromosomes (23rd pair) determine sex
- XX for females, XY for males
Multiple Births
- Identical twins (monozygotic): formed from the same fertilized egg
- Fraternal twins (dizygotic): formed from two separate eggs, each fertilized by a different sperm
Stages of Prenatal Development
- Germinal Stage (first two weeks): cell division, morula, blastocyst, and implantation
- Embryonic Period (third to eighth week): formation of neural tube, heart, and organs
- Fetal Period (ninth week to birth): rapid growth and development of organs and body systems
Infancy and Childhood Development
- APGAR Test: assesses newborn's overall health
- Neonatal Reflexes: automatic responses in newborns, such as sucking and grasping
- Motor Development: gross motor skills (large muscle movements) and fine motor skills (small muscle movements) develop in infancy and childhood
- Body Changes: physical development during early childhood to adolescence
Adolescence
- Period of developmental transition between childhood and adulthood
- "Adolescent growth spurt": rapid increase in height and weight due to hormonal changes
- Primary Sexual Characteristics: involved in reproduction, present at birth
- Secondary Sexual Characteristics: caused by hormones, develop during puberty
- Puberty in Girls:
- Breast development, followed by menarche (first menstrual period)
- Ovarian Cycle: follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates ovarian follicles, leading to ovulation
- Puberty in Boys:
- Enlargement of testicles, followed by physical changes, including voice changes
Explore the outline of Unit 2 Part 1 focusing on Prenatal Development, covering topics such as genetic abnormalities, sex determination, multiple births, stages of development, environmental hazards, kinds of birth, infancy, APGAR test, neonatal reflexes, motor development, body changes, and physical development from early childhood to adolescence.
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