Pre-Columbian and Early European Contact

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Questions and Answers

Match the following Native American groups with their primary characteristics:

Iroquois = Villages built around maize cultivation Cahokia = Built giant mounds near St. Louis Algonquians = Hunting and fishing with three sister farming Natives of Great Plains = Bison hunting and use of horses

Match the European historical periods with their defining features:

Middle Ages = Organized by social hierarchy and Christian majority Crusades = Attempt to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslims Renaissance = Cultural awakening and advancements in exploration Reformation = Started with Martin Luther's 95 theses

Match the crops introduced to Europe from America during the Columbian Exchange:

Potatoes = Led to an increase in European population Maize = An important staple crop Tomatoes = Gained popularity in European cuisine Cacao = Source of chocolate

Match the following explorers or historical figures to their contributions:

Christopher Columbus = Landed in the West Indies in 1492 Gutenberg = Developed movable type printing Marco Polo = Inspired exploration through his travels Isabella and Ferdinand = Sponsored Columbus's westward voyage Signup and view all the answers

Match the reasons for European exploration:

Gold = Economic gain and riches Glory = Personal fame and national reputation God = Spread of Christianity Trade routes = Access to Asian goods and markets Signup and view all the answers

Match the following advancements from the Renaissance to their descriptions:

Compass = Navigational tool for sailors Caravel ships = Enhanced ship design for exploration Movable type = Allowed for mass production of texts Maps = Improved geographical knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Match the societal changes among Native Americans before European contact:

Permanent villages = Establishment due to agriculture Irrigation systems = Developed in the Rio Grande region Less hunting and gathering = Shift in lifestyle with maize cultivation Population increase = Resulted from agricultural advancements Signup and view all the answers

Match the diseases introduced to America from Europe during the Columbian Exchange:

Smallpox = Devastated Native American populations Measles = Another significant disease impact Influenza = Widespread illness affecting many Typhus = Contributed to high mortality rates Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their associated presidents:

Whiskey Rebellion = George Washington Alien and Sedition Acts = John Adams Louisiana Purchase = Thomas Jefferson War of 1812 = James Madison Signup and view all the answers

Match the following treaties with their outcomes:

Jay's Treaty = US received compensation for damaged ships Pickney's Treaty = US was granted navigation rights on the MS River Treaty of Ghent = No land was gained or lost by either side Adams-Onis Treaty = US purchased Florida Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Supreme Court cases with their significance:

Marbury v Madison = Established judicial review McCulloh v Maryland = States cannot tax the federal government Gibbons v Ogden = Interstate commerce is controlled by Congress Dred Scott v Sandford = Slavery in territories Signup and view all the answers

Match the following political concepts with their descriptions:

Federalism = Distribution of power between federal and state governments Jacksonian Democracy = Universal white male suffrage Nullification = States' power to invalidate federal laws Isolationism = Avoidance of foreign entanglements Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their key roles:

Thomas Jefferson = Secretary of State under Washington Alexander Hamilton = Secretary of Treasury under Washington Henry Clay = Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams Aaron Burr = Ran against Thomas Jefferson in the Revolution of 1800 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their notable consequences:

War of 1812 = Deterioration of Federalist Party 1807 Embargo Act = Closed harbor - no imports and exports Hartford Convention = Proposed amending the Constitution Missouri Compromise = Maine entered as a free state Signup and view all the answers

Match the following acts with their effects:

Non-Intercourse Act = No trade with Britain or France Macon's Bill #2 = Trade resumed with either Britain or France Indian Removal Act = Forced relocation of Native Americans Embargo Act = Caused significant economic disruption Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their associated ideological movements:

Democratic Republicans = Jefferson and Madison Federalists = Supporters of a strong central government Nationalism = Loyalty to the nation over regional interests Populism = Focus on the rights of the common people Signup and view all the answers

Match the following treaties with the nations involved:

Jay's Treaty = Britain Pickney's Treaty = Spain Adams-Onis Treaty = Spain Treaty of Greenville = Native Americans Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conflicts with their causes:

XYZ Affair = British blockade and impressment War of 1812 = Impressment of American sailors Whiskey Rebellion = Tax on whiskey Battle of Fallen Timbers = Conflicts over land with Native Americans Signup and view all the answers

Match the following acts with their descriptions:

Sugar Act = Taxes on sugar Stamp Act = Taxes on paper Currency Act = No printed money, only gold and silver Quartering Act = Colonists must provide housing for troops Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their historical significance:

Boston Massacre = Killed 5 colonists; led to repeal of Townshend duties Boston Tea Party = Colonial protest against Tea Act Lexington and Concord = Marked the start of armed conflict Saratoga = Turning point of the Revolutionary War Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their contributions:

George Washington = Led the Continental Army Thomas Paine = Authored 'Common Sense' John Adams = Defended British soldiers after the Boston Massacre John Dickinson = Wrote the Olive Branch Petition Signup and view all the answers

Match the following documents with their purposes:

Declaration of Independence = Declared colonies' independence from Britain Articles of Confederation = First governing document of the United States Bill of Rights = First 10 amendments to the Constitution Olive Branch Petition = Attempt to avoid war with Britain Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leaders with their roles during the Revolutionary War:

Benedict Arnold = Key general at the Battle of Saratoga James Madison = Father of the Constitution Samuel Adams = Leader of the Sons of Liberty Charles Cornwallis = British General who surrendered at Yorktown Signup and view all the answers

Match the following compromises with their content:

Great Compromise = Combined Virginia and New Jersey Plans 3/5 Compromise = 60% of slaves counted for representation Missouri Compromise = Maintained balance of free and slave states Compromise of 1850 = Addressed status of territories gained from the Mexican-American War Signup and view all the answers

Match the following revolutionary concepts with their definitions:

Republicanism = Focus on citizen as a source of power Republican Motherhood = Women instilling republican values in children Federalism = Powers divided between states and federal government Limited Government = Limits on federal government powers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following rebellions with their causes:

Shay's Rebellion = Protests over farm foreclosures and high taxes Pontiac's Rebellion = Native resistance against British encroachment Whiskey Rebellion = Farmers protesting excise tax on whiskey Jacobins = Radicals during the French Revolution Signup and view all the answers

Match the following locations with their historical events:

Valley Forge = Harsh winter for the Continental Army Long Island = Major British victory; forced Washington's retreat Bunker Hill = Colonists did better than expected against British Yorktown = Final battle leading to British surrender Signup and view all the answers

Match the following groups with their positions:

Federalists = Supported a strong central government Anti-Federalists = Concerned about individual rights and state rights Loyalists = Remained loyal to British crown Patriots = Supported independence from Britain Signup and view all the answers

Match the following women with their contributions:

Abigail Adams = Advocated for women’s rights Dolley Madison = Saved important artifacts during War of 1812 Elizabeth Cady Stanton = Women’s suffrage movement leader Susan B. Anthony = Abolitionist and women's rights advocate Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their consequences:

Boston Tea Party = Led to Coercive Acts Battle of Bunker Hill = Proved colonists could challenge British army Treaty of Ghent = Restored pre-war boundaries Shay's Rebellion = Led to calls for a stronger central government Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures with their contributions:

Bartolome De las Casas = Argued for native rights and ended encomienda system John Smith = Famous for 'Those who shall not work shall not eat' Roger Williams = Advocated for separation of church and state Samuel de Champlain = Founded Quebec in 1608 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following colonies with their characteristics:

Virginia = First successful English colony Maryland = A refuge for Catholics Pennsylvania = Founded by William Penn for Quakers Connecticut = Home to the Fundamental Orders Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Mercantilism = Economic policy aimed at generating wealth for the mother country Encomienda = System of forced labor among native populations Caste System = Social hierarchy based on race and ethnicity Headright System = Land allocation to incentivize settlement Signup and view all the answers

Match the following explorers with their achievements:

Hernan Cortes = Conquered the Aztecs in 1519 Francisco Pizarro = Conquered the Incan Empire Henry Hudson = Reached New York in 1609 William Pitt = Led British efforts during the French and Indian War Signup and view all the answers

Match the following economic activities with their respective regions:

New England = Mixed economy based on agriculture and commerce Middle Colonies = Known as bread colonies for cereal crops Southern Colonies = Focus on cash crops like tobacco and rice New York = Established trade posts and focused on commerce Signup and view all the answers

Match the following acts or policies with their purposes:

Navigation Acts = Restricted trade to only British ports Mayflower Compact = Agreement for self-governance Act of Toleration = Guaranteed religious freedom for all Christians Albany Plan of Union = Failed proposal for colonial defense Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their impacts:

Triangular Trade = Involved trading between Africa, US, and Europe First Great Awakening = Led to a rise in religious competition Anti-nomianism = Belief in individual interpretation of faith Intermarriage = Resulted in mixed heritage in colonial societies Signup and view all the answers

Match the following agricultural products with their significance:

Tobacco = Economic boom in Virginia Sugar Cane = Central to the plantation economy Wheat = Main crop in the Middle Colonies Indigo = Important cash crop in Southern colonies Signup and view all the answers

Match the following groups with their beliefs or practices:

Puritans = Sought to escape corruption and worship freely Quakers = Advocated for peace and religious freedom Anglicans = Supported the established church in Britain Catholics = Sought refuge in Maryland Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical events with their centuries:

Spanish Armada Defeat = 16th century Founding of Jamestown = 17th century Begin of French and Indian War = 18th century Establishment of Quebec = 17th century Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Native American tribes with their locations or actions:

Wampanoag = Led by Metacom in a significant conflict Pueblo = Fought for rights against Spanish oppression Iroquois = Formed a powerful confederation in the Northeast Algonquin = Resided mainly in the Great Lakes region Signup and view all the answers

Match the following colonial assemblies with their features:

House of Burgesses = First elected assembly in colonial America General Court = Puritan assembly in Massachusetts Fundamental Orders = Considered the first written constitution Legislative Assembly of Pennsylvania = Non-democratic structure with limited voting Signup and view all the answers

Match the following social systems with their characteristics:

Caste System = Ranked social levels based on race Indentured Servitude = Temporary labor for land grants Slavery = Permanent labor without rights Intermarriage = Integration of cultures through relationships Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Revolts and Movements with their effects:

Pueblo Revolt = Increased Spanish accommodation towards natives Bacon's Rebellion = Shifted labor from indentured servants to slaves Metacom's War = Signaled increased tensions and conflicts Salem Witch Trials = Demonstrated social panic and suspicion Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Time Period 1: Pre-Columbian and Early European Contact

Beringia: Land bridge connecting Siberia and North America, enabling early human migration.
American Indian Advancements: Complex societies existed across North America before European contact, demonstrating diverse adaptations.
- Maize Cultivation: Corn cultivation led to increased population and settled villages. Irrigation systems developed in the Southwest (Pueblos).
- Hunting and Gathering: Less reliance on hunting and gathering in agricultural societies.
- Permanent Villages: Development of permanent settlements due to agriculture.
- Diverse Groups: Natives across Great Plains, Great Basin (bison, sheep, hunting), Northeast (mixed hunting/gathering and agriculture, permanent villages – Iroquois), Mississippi River Valley (Cahokia – giant mounds), and Atlantic Seaboard (Algonquians – three sister farming).
European Culture:
- Middle Ages: Small villages, Christian majority, strict social hierarchy. Merchants gained prominence.
- Crusades: Efforts to regain the Holy Land from Muslims; led to trade route openings and weakened nobility.
- Reformation: Religious upheaval led by Martin Luther and others causing religious conflicts.
- Renaissance: Cultural rebirth emphasizing art, learning, and invention (movable type, caravel ships, compass).
Christopher Columbus: Sailed west to India in 1492, landing in the West Indies.
European Exploration Motives: "God, Gold, and Glory" – religious conversion, wealth seeking, and national prestige.
Columbian Exchange: Exchange of crops, diseases, people, and ideas between Europe and the Americas.
- Americas to Europe: Potatoes, maize leading to population growth.
- Europe to Americas: Horses, guns, European diseases decimating native populations.
- Declining Native Pop: Diseases severely reduced native American populations.
Encomienda System: Spanish land grant system justifying native enslavement under Christianity.
Bartolomé de las Casas: Advocated for native rights, contributing to the decline of the encomienda system.
European Exploration and Conquest:
- Conquistadors: Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire, Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire.
- Spanish Exploration: Spanish colonization impacted vast areas, causing native population decline. New animals and crops (horses, wheat, rice, sugar).
- Spanish Colonization: Intermarriage with natives and Africans, royal officials, caste system. Economic focus on precious metals (gold, silver) and plantations (sugarcane).
- Spanish Interactions with Natives: Considered natives uncivilized, enforced encomienda system, and aimed to convert to Christianity.
Portugal Colonization: Treaty of Tordesillas divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.
French Colonization: Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608, focused on friendly trade relationships, fur trade, and limited land acquisition.
Dutch Colonization: Henry Hudson reached New York in 1609, establishing trade posts.
Pueblo Revolt (Pope's Rebellion): Native American revolt challenging Spanish suppression of native religious practices. Spanish became more accommodating to native culture.

Time Period 2: British Colonization and Growth

Mercantilism: Economic policy focused on maximizing profit for the mother country (favorable balance of trade, more exports, fewer imports).
- British Colonization:
  - Reasons for Colonization: Rivalry with Spain (defeat of the Spanish Armada), seeking resources (gold, silver), reducing unemployment, primogeniture system. Puritan emigration seeking religious freedom.
  - Colonies:
    - Jamestown: First successful English colony; aimed to gain wealth.
      - John Smith's "work or starve" maxim
      - John Rolfe's tobacco success
      - Headright system: land grants for settlers
      - Indentured servants
    - Plymouth: Founded by separatists (Pilgrims) seeking religious freedom. Mayflower Compact.
    - Massachusetts Bay Colony: Founded by non-separatist Puritans; "City upon a hill" ideal; limited democracy (church membership requirement).
    - Roger Williams: Advocated for separation of church and state, founded Rhode Island.
    - Anne Hutchinson: Challenged Puritan theology, banished to Rhode Island.
    - Chesapeake Bay Colonies: Tobacco and fishing economy; Maryland (Catholic refuge), Act of Toleration).
    - Pennsylvania: Founded by Quakers providing religious freedom - Quakers: Pacifist religious group
    - Connecticut: Fundamental Orders (first written constitution)
    - Georgia: Refuge for debtors and a buffer against Spanish Florida.
Characteristics of British Colonies:
- New England Colonies: Mixed economy, small towns, family farms, subsistence farming. Slightly higher life expectancy, slavery existed.
- Middle Colonies: Cereal crops (wheat, barley), ship building. Also some forms of small scale slavery and indentured serviitude
- Southern Colonies: Warm climate, cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo), large plantations, dependence on enslaved labor.
Triangular Trade: Trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving enslaved Africans.
Navigation Acts: British laws regulating colonial trade, forcing colonies to trade preferentially with Britain.
Metacom/King Philip's War: Conflict between British colonists and Native Americans in New England.
Bacon's Rebellion: Colonial rebellion in Virginia against Governor Berkeley's policies towards natives. Led to increased use of enslaved labor.
Salem Witch Trials: Series of accusations and executions in Massachusetts.
First Great Awakening: Religious revival emphasizing individual faith, sparking social and political change.
- Jonathan Edwards: Key figure in the First Great Awakening, known for "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God".
- George Whitefield: Minister and orator from England who influenced the First Great Awakening.

Time Period 3: Towards Revolution

French and Indian War:
- Causes: Territorial disputes in North America.
- Albany Plan of Union: Rejected plan for colonial government to improve defense.
- Key Figures: William Pitt, General James Wolfe, George Washington, General Braddock.
- Outcome: France loses almost all North American territory; British gain Canadian region, lands east of Mississippi; Spain gains western territories.
- End of Salutary Neglect: British attempt to assert imperial authority after the war.
Pontiac's Rebellion: Native American uprising against British encroachment following the French and Indian War. Led to the Proclamation Act of 1763 prohibiting westward expansion.
Taxation and Resistance:
- Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Currency Act, Quartering Act: British taxes and regulations, sparking colonial resistance.
- Sons/Daughters of Liberty: Colonial resistance groups.
- Stamp Act Congress: Colonial response to the Stamp Act; asserted colonial right to be taxed only by colonial representatives.
- Colonial Boycott: Organized protests against British goods.
- Committees of Correspondence: Organized communication network among the colonies.
- Townshend Acts: Taxes on various goods; led to colonial protests.
- Boston Massacre: Violent confrontation between British troops and colonists.
- Boston Tea Party: Protest against the Tea Act.
- Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts): Punitive measures imposed by the British following the Boston Tea Party.
- First Continental Congress: Meeting of colonial delegates to discuss grievances.
Road to Revolution:
- Lexington and Concord: First armed conflict between British and colonists.
- Second Continental Congress: Formation of a Continental Army, leadership by George Washington.
- Loyalists vs. Patriots: Colonists divided over independence.
- Common Sense: Pamphlet by Thomas Paine advocating for independence.
- Declaration of Independence: Formal declaration of American independence.
Revolutionary War Key Battles: Bunker Hill, Long Island, Trenton, Valley Forge, Saratoga, Yorktown.
Revolutionary War Outcomes:
- Treaty of Paris: American independence recognized.
- Separation of Church and State: New ideals emerged
- Republican Motherhood: Women and their roles in society changed.
- Revolutions Across the World: Connections and cross-influence among global movements for freedom and independence.

Time Period 4: Constitutional Era and Early Republic

Articles of Confederation: First US government; weak central authority, no executive and judicial branches, difficulties with interstate trade, taxation.
Northwest Ordinance: Established process for admitting new states and prohibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory. Showcases a shift in ideals about slavery.
Shay's Rebellion: Farmer's uprising highlighting weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, prompting calls for a stronger central government.
Constitutional Convention: Drafting of the US Constitution.
Key Debates: Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, Great Compromise, 3/5 Compromise
Constitution: Foundation of the US government; established principles of limited government, federalism, and separation of powers.
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists: Debate on the necessity and structure of the Constitution.
Bill of Rights: First 10 amendments ensuring individual rights, limiting federal power.
Early Presidencies (Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe):
- Washington: 2-term precedent, Cabinet formation, Whiskey Rebellion.
- Adams: XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
- Jefferson: Louisiana Purchase, Embargo Act, War of 1812.
- Madison: War of 1812, Hartford Convention.
- Monroe: Monroe Doctrine, Missouri Compromise, acquisition of Florida.
- John Quincy Adams: Corrupt Bargain (allegations of a political deal)
- Andrew Jackson: Spoils System.
Important Supreme Court Cases: Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden (Judicial Review, federal supremacy over states).

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Explore the advancements of American Indian societies before European contact and the significant cultural shifts during early interactions. This quiz covers the Beringia land bridge, agricultural developments, and diverse Native American groups. Delve into how these elements shaped early North American history.