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What is a significant limitation of using rats in antiemetic screening?
What is a significant limitation of using rats in antiemetic screening?
Which of the following isolated organ preparations can be obtained from rats?
Which of the following isolated organ preparations can be obtained from rats?
Which strain of rat is commonly used in research alongside the Sprague-Dawley strain?
Which strain of rat is commonly used in research alongside the Sprague-Dawley strain?
What type of studies can rats be used for in relation to drug testing?
What type of studies can rats be used for in relation to drug testing?
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What is the proper way to handle a rat according to the recommended techniques?
What is the proper way to handle a rat according to the recommended techniques?
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What is one reason rats are preferred over mice for certain research studies?
What is one reason rats are preferred over mice for certain research studies?
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In what area are rats primarily used for testing drugs?
In what area are rats primarily used for testing drugs?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a method of drug administration into albino rats?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a method of drug administration into albino rats?
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What is the effect of physostigmine on the pupillary size of the eye?
What is the effect of physostigmine on the pupillary size of the eye?
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What is the primary action of homatropine when used before treatment on the left eye?
What is the primary action of homatropine when used before treatment on the left eye?
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Which drug is used to cause pupil dilation in the context of the right eye treatment?
Which drug is used to cause pupil dilation in the context of the right eye treatment?
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In the context of ocular pharmacology, which drug is primarily used for its reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase?
In the context of ocular pharmacology, which drug is primarily used for its reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase?
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Which of the following best describes the clinical use of homatropine?
Which of the following best describes the clinical use of homatropine?
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What is the typical effect of biotransformation on the biological activity of a drug?
What is the typical effect of biotransformation on the biological activity of a drug?
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Which of the following can be a result of biotransformation?
Which of the following can be a result of biotransformation?
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What can lead to decreased duration of action of drugs after chronic administration?
What can lead to decreased duration of action of drugs after chronic administration?
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Which environmental factor is known to influence the activity of liver drug-metabolizing enzymes?
Which environmental factor is known to influence the activity of liver drug-metabolizing enzymes?
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What is lethal synthesis in the context of biotransformation?
What is lethal synthesis in the context of biotransformation?
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Which of the following drugs is known to stimulate the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes?
Which of the following drugs is known to stimulate the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes?
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What effect does ketoconazole have on the microsomal oxidative system with long-term use?
What effect does ketoconazole have on the microsomal oxidative system with long-term use?
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Which of the following is NOT typically true regarding metabolites produced from biotransformation?
Which of the following is NOT typically true regarding metabolites produced from biotransformation?
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What is one of the main objectives related to drug administration routes?
What is one of the main objectives related to drug administration routes?
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Which administration route involves delivering drugs directly into the peritoneal cavity?
Which administration route involves delivering drugs directly into the peritoneal cavity?
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What is the primary purpose of recording normal respiration before drug administration?
What is the primary purpose of recording normal respiration before drug administration?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the events to be recorded after drug administration?
Which of the following is NOT one of the events to be recorded after drug administration?
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What parameter of drug administration can vary depending on the route used?
What parameter of drug administration can vary depending on the route used?
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Which route is NOT mentioned as an option for administering pentobarbital sodium to rats?
Which route is NOT mentioned as an option for administering pentobarbital sodium to rats?
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Which route is often associated with faster drug absorption and response time?
Which route is often associated with faster drug absorption and response time?
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Why is it important to properly handle and employ techniques for drug administration?
Why is it important to properly handle and employ techniques for drug administration?
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What is the main objective of the practical lesson described?
What is the main objective of the practical lesson described?
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Which animal is utilized in the experiment for recording blood pressure?
Which animal is utilized in the experiment for recording blood pressure?
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What type of anesthesia is used for the rabbit in the experiment?
What type of anesthesia is used for the rabbit in the experiment?
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Which type of drug is given first to observe its effects on blood pressure?
Which type of drug is given first to observe its effects on blood pressure?
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What is a key characteristic of guinea pigs regarding their diet?
What is a key characteristic of guinea pigs regarding their diet?
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What is the purpose of administering normal saline after each drug administration?
What is the purpose of administering normal saline after each drug administration?
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Why are guinea pigs commonly used in experimental asthma studies?
Why are guinea pigs commonly used in experimental asthma studies?
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What is observed regarding the effects of β adrenoceptor blocking drugs?
What is observed regarding the effects of β adrenoceptor blocking drugs?
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What is the role of the arterial cannula in the experiment?
What is the role of the arterial cannula in the experiment?
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What method is recommended for handling guinea pigs?
What method is recommended for handling guinea pigs?
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What must be done before the administration of the next drug after a measurement?
What must be done before the administration of the next drug after a measurement?
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Which of the following is NOT a use for guinea pigs in research?
Which of the following is NOT a use for guinea pigs in research?
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What is a unique characteristic of rabbits concerning drug administration?
What is a unique characteristic of rabbits concerning drug administration?
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Where is the most common site for intravenous injections in rabbits?
Where is the most common site for intravenous injections in rabbits?
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Which isolated organ preparations can be sourced from guinea pigs?
Which isolated organ preparations can be sourced from guinea pigs?
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What general trait do both guinea pigs and rabbits share?
What general trait do both guinea pigs and rabbits share?
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Study Notes
Practical Pharmacology
- This document discusses practical pharmacology, specifically experimental animals and their handling.
Experimental Animals and Their Handlings
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Animals are widely used in experimental research, including pharmacological research before human trials.
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Animals are used in practical pharmacological, physiological, and anatomical teaching.
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Animals used in experiments should be of suitable breed, gently handled, and used properly.
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Factors considered when selecting experimental animals include the nature of the experiment, the type of drug activity being evaluated, and the specific characteristics of the animal.
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Experimental animals are used in in vivo (whole animal) and in vitro (isolated organs) experiments.
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In vivo experiments are used to test drug effects on blood pressure, blood sugar, autonomic functions on the eye, central nervous system activity (e.g., analgesic activity, psychoactive activity), and acute and chronic toxicity.
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In vitro experiments use isolated organs (e.g., heart, intestine, skeletal muscles , uterus, trachea) from animals. These are utilized to study drug effects on the autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular system, skeletal muscles, and some hormones.
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Common animals used in experimental pharmacology include mice (albino Swiss strain), rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and frogs.
Characteristics of Albino Mice (Swiss Strain)
- Smallest laboratory animals, weighing 25-30g, easily bred, and maintained.
- Very sensitive to drug effects.
- Easily handled.
Scientific Uses of Mice in Research
- Cancer research
- Genetic research
- Toxicity studies (LD50 determination)
- Screening of drugs with effects on the central nervous system (CNS) as analgesics.
Proper Methods of Mice Handling
- Lift the mouse by the tail using the right hand, allowing it to grip with its forelegs.
- Grasp the mouse's nap of the neck with the left hand.
- Transfer the tail from the right hand to the left hand.
Advantages of Mice
- Their small size and ease of breeding.
Characteristics of Albino Rats
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Rats are larger than mice, weighing 200-500g and easier to breed and maintain,
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Withstand longer experiment durations compared to mice, used under anesthesia.
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Easily handled if treated kindly.
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Used for testing acute and chronic toxicity, especially those acting on the central nervous system.
Proper Methods of Rat Handling
- Grasp the rat by its tail and place it on a hard surface.
- Place the left hand over the rat's back.
- Place the right hand on the rat’s front paw.
- Hold the rat securely by the tail and other parts of the body.
Guinea Pigs
- Weigh approximately 400-600 grams.
- Very docile and easy to raise.
- Very sensitive to histamine and are used to screen histamine-like and antihistaminic drugs.
- Useful in experimental asthma studies of bronchodilators, local anesthetics.
- Can't synthesize vitamin C, must be supplied in diet.
- Can be used for isolated muscle preparations.
Rabbits
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Are very docile animals, suitable for oral and intravenous injections.
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Used in pyrogen tests, drug effects on the eye, cardiovascular system, and neuromuscular junction.
Frogs
- Are cold-blooded amphibians.
- Kept moist with water.
- Useful for isolated organ preparations like frog heart, rectus abdominus, sciatic nerve.
- Used for studying neuromuscular blockers, CNS, and CVS drugs.
Routes of Drug Administration
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Drugs are administered through various routes to achieve desired concentrations at their target sites.
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Routes include: oral, parenteral (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intrathecal, intraperitoneal), inhalation, and topical.
Liver Microsomal Drug Metabolizing System
- Biotransformation is a major drug elimination process in the liver.
- It involves phase I and phase II reactions, changing the drug's activity and half-life.
- Metabolites can be more or less active, or toxic than the original drug.
Factors Affecting Biotransformation
- Dietary intake.
- Nutritional factors, X-ray irradiation, hormonal changes.
- Ingestion of foreign chemicals (including some drugs).
Effects of Drugs on Isolated Toad Heart (Langendorff's)
- The heart is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
- Drugs can affect heart rate and force of contraction (positive/negative chronotropic and inotropic effects)
- Sympathomimetics increase heart rate/contraction
- Parasympathomimetics decrease heart rate/contraction
Effects of Drugs on the Isolated Intestine
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Visceral smooth muscle can contract spontaneously.
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Motility controlled by excitatory and inhibitory signals from the enteric nervous system, but also modulated by the central nervous system (sympathetic/parasympathetic nerves)
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Drug effects on intestinal motility.
Effects of Drugs on the Blood Pressure in the Anesthetized Rabbits
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Procedures for measuring/observing blood pressure in anesthetized rabbits.
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Observing effects of adrenergic agonists (adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline) and antagonists (phentolamine, propranolol)
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Observing the effects of cholinergic drugs.
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Table of drug effects (and their interactions) on blood pressure in rabbits.
Glaucoma
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Glaucoma is an eye disease with increased intraocular pressure (IOP).
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Anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of glaucoma
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Risk factors
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Diagnosis
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Classification of glaucoma (congenital, primary, secondary)
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Common types (primary open-angle and primary angle-closure)
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Medical approaches to treatment (drugs, laser, surgery)
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Description
This quiz explores the essential aspects of practical pharmacology, focusing on the use of experimental animals in research. It covers the selection, handling, and application of animals in in vivo and in vitro experiments related to drug testing and pharmacological studies. Ideal for students and professionals in the field of pharmacology and ethics in research.
