Gas Exchange in Animals Practical 7.12 and 7.13
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the respiratory system directly connects to the bronchial tubes?

  • Pharynx
  • Trachea (correct)
  • Larynx
  • Alveoli

What happens to the air in the alveoli during breathing?

  • It is expelled unchanged.
  • It gets oxygenated. (correct)
  • It becomes cool and dry.
  • It is heated and humidified. (correct)

Which structure primarily prevents food from entering the airway?

  • Bronchi
  • Nasal cavity
  • Epiglottis (correct)
  • Lungs

During the process of inhalation, which muscle plays a crucial role in expanding the chest cavity?

<p>Diaphragm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the air flow path when breathing in?

<p>Air enters the nasal cavity and passes through the bronchioles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of the air that is inhaled compared to the air that is exhaled?

<p>Inhaled air has a higher temperature than exhaled air. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the composition of inhaled and exhaled air?

<p>Both inhaled and exhaled air contain oxygen and carbon dioxide in different percentages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about inhaled and exhaled air is highlighted?

<p>Both inhaled and exhaled air contain different levels of carbon dioxide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the process of gas exchange, which gas primarily increases in concentration during exhalation?

<p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that differentiates inhaled air from exhaled air in terms of gas composition?

<p>Inhaled air has a higher percentage of oxygen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about exhaled air is true?

<p>Exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide than oxygen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the composition of inhaled air is false?

<p>Inhaled air contains no carbon dioxide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary caution to take when handling dry cobalt chloride paper?

<p>Do not touch it with bare hands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes a significant difference between inhaled and exhaled air?

<p>Exhaled air has less oxygen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color change indicates the presence of moisture on the cobalt chloride paper?

<p>It turns pink. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gases is predominantly found in inhaled air?

<p>Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding nitrogen in air is correct?

<p>Nitrogen makes up the majority of inhaled air. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if the cobalt chloride paper is touched with moist hands?

<p>It will change color prematurely. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT typically associated with smoking?

<p>Diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some diseases that smoking is known to cause?

<p>Heart disease and lung cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statement best describes the impact of smoking on global health?

<p>It is responsible for a substantial number of global deaths. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system of the body is particularly affected by smoking-induced diseases?

<p>Respiratory system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between smoking and cardiovascular diseases?

<p>Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does tar from cigarette smoke have on the lungs?

<p>It covers the surface of the air sacs, reducing gas exchange efficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke affect the blood?

<p>It binds with hemoglobin, reducing the oxygen-carrying ability of blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the walls of air sacs due to certain chemicals in cigarette smoke?

<p>They break down, reducing the surface area for gas exchange. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the lung tissue of smokers compared to non-smokers?

<p>Smoker's lungs exhibit black tar deposits reducing air sac efficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of lung health, how does smoking contribute to decreased oxygen levels in the blood?

<p>It reduces the amount of oxygen reaching the lungs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of decreased surface area in air sacs due to smoking?

<p>Reduced efficiency of gas exchange. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cigarette smoke play in altering lung physiology?

<p>It causes chronic inflammation and damage to air sacs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the appearance of lung tissues differ between a smoker and a non-smoker?

<p>Smokers exhibit discolored lung tissue with potential tar buildup. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cobalt Chloride Paper Color Change

Cobalt chloride paper changes color depending on the presence of moisture in the air.

Dry Cobalt Chloride Paper

Cobalt chloride paper that has no moisture absorbed.

Moisture on Mirror

The water vapor from breathing absorbed by the mirror.

Mirror Preparation for Experiment

Wipe the mirror dry to remove moisture before starting the experiment.

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Color Change Observation

Record the color change of the cobalt chloride paper after touching the mirror.

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Effect of Breathing, on Cobalt chloride paper

Observing the color change in Cobalt chloride paper when exhaled vapor is on a mirror

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Experiment Setup 1

A dry cobalt chloride paper touch a dry mirror.

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Experiment Setup 2

A dry cobalt chloride paper touching a mirror after breathing on it.

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Breathing path

Describes the route of air through the respiratory system (nose/mouth to lungs).

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Bronchioles

Tiny air passages in the lungs.

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Air flow

Movement of air into and out of the lungs.

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Inhalation

The process of breathing in.

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Exhalation

The process of breathing out.

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Gas Exchange in Air Sacs

The process where gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) are exchanged between the air and the blood inside the air sacs.

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Inhaled vs. Exhaled Air Composition

The amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled air differ.

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Inhaled air composition

Contains mainly oxygen with some carbon dioxide in the inhaled air.

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Exhaled air composition

Contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide than inhaled air.

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Gas Exchange Difference

Changes in composition, such as the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide, occur between inhalation and exhalation.

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Exhaled air composition

Exhaled air has more carbon dioxide than oxygen.

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Nitrogen in air

Nitrogen is in both inhaled and exhaled air.

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Air sacs in lungs

Lungs have about 600 million air sacs for gas exchange.

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Inhaled air

Air drawn into the lungs.

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Exhaled air

Air pushed out of the lungs.

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Gas exchange

The process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

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Surface area of lungs

The huge area of the air sacs for efficient gas exchange.

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Components of inhaled air

Inhaled air primarily contains oxygen.

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Smoking-related diseases

Diseases caused by smoking, such as cancer, stroke, and bronchitis.

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Global smoking deaths

Approximately 8 million people die each year globally from smoking-related illnesses.

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Smoking's impact on lifespan

Smokers typically live at least 10 years less than non-smokers.

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Lung cancer

A type of cancer that affects the lungs.

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Mouth cancer

A type of cancer affecting the mouth area.

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Stroke

A medical condition caused by disruption of blood flow to the brain.

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Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the air passages in the lungs.

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Smoking's global health impact

Smoking causes substantial global health problems, shortening life expectancy.

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Reduced Lung Gas Exchange

Tar deposits in lungs, reducing the surface area available for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, decreasing the efficiency of gas exchange.

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Carbon Monoxide's Effect

Carbon monoxide reduces blood's ability to carry oxygen, thus lowering the amount of oxygen that can enter the bloodstream through the lungs.

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Air Sac Damage

Certain chemicals can damage or break down the walls of air sacs in the lungs, decreasing the surface area for gas exchange, impeding respiration.

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Pig Lung Tissue Comparison

Comparing the lung tissue of different groups of pigs may reveal differences in the structure, makeup, and properties of their lungs.

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Pig Trachea Differences

Comparison of tracheas from different groups of pigs could illustrate differences relating to their structure, size, function, and possible adaptation to the environment.

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Gas Exchange Efficiency

Measure of how effectively lungs transfer oxygen into the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide from it.

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Smoker's Lung Tissue

Lung tissue of a smoker shows black tar deposits, resulting from the consumption of tobacco, obstructing the efficient exchange of gases.

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Non-Smoker's Lung Tissue

Lung tissue of a non-smoker is typically light-colored or clear, allowing for efficient gaseous exchange.

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Study Notes

Gas Exchange in Animals

  • Gas exchange occurs in animals as well as plants
  • Practical 7.12 investigated the change in carbon dioxide content in a boiling tube with mealworms.
  • The aim was to find the change in carbon dioxide content.
  • Materials included boiling tubes, forceps, cotton thread, test-tube rack, mealworms, measuring cylinder (10 cm³), and hydrogencarbonate indicator.
  • Add 3cm³ of hydrogencarbonate indicator to two boiling tubes, record the colour.
  • Place mealworms in a plastic vial with holes, secure in one tube (A).
  • Seal both tubes, and leave for an hour. Record the colour change in the indicator.
  • In tube A, the indicator changed from red to yellow, indicating carbon dioxide production, while tube B (control) remained red.
  • Mealworms release carbon dioxide during respiration.

Practical 7.13

  • To find out the change in oxygen content in a boiling tube with mealworms.
  • Materials: boiling tubes, capillary tubes, wire gauze, ruler, soda lime, 2 bags, and mealworms.
  • Capillary tubes were fitted with colour markers.
  • The system used soda lime to absorb carbon dioxide.
  • Set up the apparatus as instructed.
  • Monitor the movement of the colour marker over time.
  • The colour marker moved in direction because the oxygen was consumed, causing a pressure difference.

Gas Exchange in Humans

  • Humans have a well-developed breathing system for gas exchange, allowing oxygen supply to body cells for respiration. It removes carbon dioxide.
  • The activity investigated the differences between inhaled and exhaled air.

Gas Exchange at the Air Sacs

  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between air and blood in the air sacs.
  • Inhaled air enters the air sacs, oxygen moves into the blood, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the air sacs.
  • Blood carries oxygen to body cells for respiration.
  • Blood carries carbon dioxide to the air sacs to be excreted from the body during exhalation.
  • Air sacs are moist and warm the air.

Effects of Smoking on Gas Exchange

  • Smoking introduces over 7000 chemicals into the body.
  • Chemicals damage the breathing system, reducing the efficiency of gas exchange.
  • Tar deposits in lungs, limiting the surface area of air sacs
  • Carbon monoxide reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, reducing oxygen intake.
  • Chemicals damage the air sacs, further decreasing the surface area for gas exchange.

Harmful Effects of Smoking (Longer Term)

  • Smoking harms nearly every part of the body.
  • Various cancers, heart diseases, and strokes are associated with smoking.
  • Life expectancy is reduced by approximately 10 years for smokers.
  • Over 8 million deaths worldwide are attributed to smoking-related diseases.

Effects of Smoking on Pig Lungs

  • Cigarette smoke, when forced into the pig lungs, causes them to darken and the trachea lining darkens.
  • The presence of brown substances in the tissue of smoking pig lungs, absent in non-smoking pig lungs, indicates damage.
  • The colour change demonstrates damage to the respiratory system by smoking.

Other Aspects

  • Different animals use different structures for gas exchange (gills, external gills, skin).
  • The large surface area of air sacs in human lungs increases the efficiency of gas exchange, similar to a badminton court.
  • Electronic cigarettes are also harmful and banned in Hong Kong due to the harmful constituents in the vapour.
  • Hong Kong has policies to discourage smoking, including indoor smoking bans, health warnings, and increased tobacco tax.

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Gas Exchange in Animals PDF

Description

Explore the gas exchange process in animals through practical investigations involving mealworms. This quiz covers the procedures and results from experiments aimed at measuring carbon dioxide and oxygen content changes using hydrogencarbonate indicator. Test your understanding of the concepts and materials used in these experiments.

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