Physiology: Special Senses - Optics and Vision

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What happens to light when it travels from one medium to another?

Its speed changes depending on the density of the medium (correct)

Its speed increases

Its wavelength changes

Its frequency changes

What is the result of absorption of light by an object?

The energy is reflected back

The frequency of light changes

The energy is scattered back

The internal energy of the particles increases (correct)

What happens to light when it hits a transparent object like water?

The frequency of light changes

It is absorbed by the object

The speed of light changes due to the change in density (correct)

It is reflected back

What is the index of refraction (n) dependent on?

The speed of light in a vacuum and the phase velocity of light in the medium Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the speed of light when it moves from a lower refractive index to a higher refractive index?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ray of light when it moves from a higher refractive index to a lower refractive index?

It is bent away from the normal Signup and view all the answers

What remains the same when light passes from one medium to another?

The frequency and wavelength of light Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the index of refraction?

To indicate the ability of a medium to bend or refract light Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in the response of OFF center bipolar cells to glutamate?

They open ionotropic glutamate receptor channels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the response of ON center bipolar cells to light on the center of the receptive field?

They are depolarized by light on the center of the receptive field. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of amacrine cells in the visual message?

To integrate, modulate and interpose a temporal domain to the visual message. Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors do ON center bipolar cells have?

Metabotropic glutamate receptors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions?

Depth Perception Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ionotropic glutamate receptor channels of OFF center bipolar cells in response to glutamate?

They open in response to glutamate. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of eye movement is controlled by the brain and is intentional?

Voluntary eye movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of light on the center of the receptive field on ON center bipolar cells?

They are depolarized by light on the center of the receptive field. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the minimum amount of light that can be detected by the human eye?

Dark current Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bipolar cells in the visual pathway?

To connect to ganglion cells and have the same organization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of amacrine cells?

They are mostly inhibitory cells. Signup and view all the answers

What type of lenses are used to correct hyperopia?

Convex lenses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a monocular cue for depth perception?

Shading Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the eye adjusts to changes in light intensity?

Dark adaptation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of color blindness?

Deuteranopia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to see objects clearly at a distance?

Visual acuity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ciliary muscle in the accommodation process?

To decrease the tension on the lens ligaments Signup and view all the answers

What is the resulting change in the refractive power of the lens during accommodation?

It increases by 15 diopters Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pupillary constriction during accommodation?

To prevent the scatter of divergent rays Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of presbyopia?

Loss of elasticity of the lens due to aging Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a bifocal lens?

To correct presbyopia Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Canal of Schlemm?

To drain aqueous humor Signup and view all the answers

What are the refractive structures of the eye?

Cornea, lens, aqueous and vitreous humors Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lens during accommodation?

It becomes more spherical Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the retinotopic map in the lateral geniculate nucleus?

It is a precise, point-for-point representation of the retina Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the P cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus?

Sensitive to color and presence of the object Signup and view all the answers

How many layers does the lateral geniculate nucleus have?

6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway that receives input from M cells?

Magnocellular pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the input to the primary visual cortex?

Layer IV Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a lesion in the visual pathway?

Visual defect in the affected area Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

In register along a line perpendicular to all layers Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the optic chiasm?

To transmit visual information from the eye to the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway that receives input from the ipsilateral and contralateral side?

Optic tract Signup and view all the answers

How many layers does the primary visual cortex have?