Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise
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Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise

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Questions and Answers

Which mechanism contributes to the increased arterial pressure observed during exercise?

  • Vasodilation of all blood vessels
  • Decreased heart rate
  • Reduced blood volume return to the heart
  • Increased pumping activity by the heart (correct)

    • What primary effect does norepinephrine have on blood vessels during strenuous exercise?

  • Vasodilation of all blood vessels
  • Vasoconstriction of muscle vessels
  • Vasodilation of skin vessels
  • Vasoconstriction of muscle vessels with a minor vasodilator effect from epinephrine (correct)

    • How does epinephrine primarily influence vasodilation during exercise?

  • By exclusively exciting alpha-adrenergic receptors
  • By exciting beta-adrenergic receptors (correct)
  • By inhibiting sympathetic nervous system activity
  • By decreasing blood flow to active muscles

    • What effect does sympathetic nervous system activation have during exercise?

    <p>It increases systemic filling pressure through venous contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of reduced oxygen levels in muscles during exercise?

    <p>Increased vasodilation in active muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general impact does exercise have on vascular responses?

    <p>It promotes vasoconstriction in most blood vessels except for the heart and active muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of large increases in systemic filling pressure during exercise?

    <p>Increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the vasodilation of active muscle vessels have during exercise?

    <p>It increases blood flow and nutrient delivery to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of muscle contraction during exercise on blood flow?

    <p>Blood flow decreases due to compression of blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vasodilator substance is noted for its significance during exercise?

    <p>Adenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does oxygen deficiency have on blood vessels during exercise?

    <p>Promotes relaxation of blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors continues to maintain increased capillary blood flow during prolonged exercise?

    <p>Potassium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sympathetic activation affect heart rate during exercise?

    <p>Increases heart rate and strength of contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT a vasodilator factor that aids in increased blood flow during exercise?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During intense exercise, what happens to the parasympathetic signals to the heart?

    <p>They are attenuated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following observations is true regarding adenosine's role in blood flow during exercise?

    <p>The effectiveness of adenosine diminishes during sustained exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does lactic acid contribute to the exercise response?

    <p>It acts as a vasodilator to increase blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general impact of strong rhythmic exercise on vascular response?

    <p>Blood flow varies significantly based on level of exertion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of performing coronary artery angioplasty?

    <p>To open partially blocked coronary vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the inflation of the balloon in angioplasty have on the artery?

    <p>It stretches the diseased artery markedly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much can blood flow through the vessel increase after angioplasty?

    <p>Up to 3-fold to 4-fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological response is triggered by skeletal muscle mechanoreflex activation during exercise?

    <p>Reduced vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor affecting blood flow to muscles during exercise?

    <p>The hierarchy of competing physiological needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood flow rates in coronary vessels during physical exercise?

    <p>Blood flow increases significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism primarily regulates coronary blood flow during heavy exercise?

    <p>Metabolic production of vasodilators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological condition is often relieved in more than 75% of patients after undergoing angioplasty?

    <p>Coronary ischemic symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the resistance in blood vessels during heavy exercise?

    <p>Resistance decreases in virtually all blood vessels of active muscle tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential predictor of stent thrombosis that impacts clinical practice?

    <p>Endothelial dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does exercise impact cardiac output in competitive runners?

    <p>Higher cardiac outputs generally correlate with better running times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT contribute to increased blood flow during exercise?

    <p>Decreased metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do tensed skeletal muscles play during exercise?

    <p>They compress internal vessels, increasing mean systemic filling pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of maximal exercise on mean systemic filling pressure?

    <p>It increases significantly, reaching levels as high as 30 mm Hg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oxygen delivery to muscles change during exercise?

    <p>It increases due to enhancements in cardiac output and reduced vascular resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily contributes to muscle blood flow increasing during maximal activity?

    <p>Sympathetic stimulation of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum heart rate observed in marathon runners during intense exercise?

    <p>170 to 190 beats/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much can muscle blood flow increase during maximal activity in comparison to rest?

    <p>Up to 20 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of increased arterial pressure during exercise?

    <p>Improved oxygen delivery to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on veins during heavy exercise?

    <p>Contracts them, increasing filling pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor preventing cardiac output from rising significantly without changes in venous return curves?

    <p>Maximum venous return plateau is low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological changes occur during exercise that help increase cardiac output?

    <p>Rising mean systemic filling pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response is seen in muscle blood flow during laboratory experiments versus real exercise conditions?

    <p>Higher increases in real exercise due to multiple factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur in venous return during heavy exercise?

    <p>Increased sympathetic contraction of the veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily limits the increase of cardiac output to only 2.5-fold in an untrained runner?

    <p>Limited venous return capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood flow during muscle contractions is greater than blood flow between contractions in the calf of a leg.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low oxygen levels in muscles cause blood vessels to constrict.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adenosine cannot sustain vasodilation in skeletal muscle for more than about two hours during intense exercise.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Potassium ions, ATP, lactic acid, and carbon dioxide are factors that maintain increased capillary blood flow during exercise.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic nervous system activation decreases heart rate and pumping strength during exercise.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Experiments have shown that large amounts of infused adenosine greatly increase blood flow during intense exercise.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During strong tetanic contraction, there is minimal compression of blood vessels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sympathetic discharge during exercise initiates signals not only to the muscles but also to the vasomotor center.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During strenuous exercise, epinephrine predominantly causes vasoconstriction in blood vessels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mean systemic filling pressure decreases during exercise.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased sympathetic nervous system activation during exercise leads to decreased arterial pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the area of ischemia is small, it generally results in dead muscle cells and abnormal conduction pathways.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart’s pumping activity increases during exercise, contributing to higher cardiac output.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cardiac reserve can be reduced to as low as 100% while still allowing a person to perform most daily activities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of norepinephrine during exercise is mainly as a vasodilator.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immediately after a myocardial infarction, there is a high risk of rupture in the ischemic portion of the heart.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 20 mm Hg increase in arterial pressure can occur during exercise.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased blood flow to the muscles during exercise is primarily due to reduced mean systemic filling pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a large myocardial infarction, muscle fibers begin to die rapidly within 5 to 6 hours of blood supply cessation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sympathetic stimulation can lead to an overall increase in both heart rate and arterial pressure during exercise.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area surrounding ischemic muscle fibers can continue to contract but in a weakened state due to mild ischemia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exercise generally results in vasodilation of arterioles and small arteries in most tissues except the brain and active muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The beta-adrenergic receptors are more excited by norepinephrine than epinephrine during exercise.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immediately after an acute coronary occlusion, blood flow stops entirely in the coronary vessels beyond the occlusion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area of cardiac muscle that sustains a minimal blood flow is referred to as infarcted.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Collaterals can supply enough blood flow to maintain cardiac muscle viability immediately after an occlusion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscle requires approximately 1.3 ml of oxygen per 100 g of tissue per minute to survive.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Collateral blood flow can increase and potentially reach normal levels within a few hours of a myocardial infarction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the onset of myocardial infarction, the affected area takes on a pinkish hue due to blood pooling.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diminished cellular metabolism leads to the swelling of cardiac muscle cells shortly after the blood supply is cut off.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anastomoses among larger coronary arteries are very common.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the first 8 to 24 hours after an occlusion, collateral vessels undergo significant enlargement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cardiac muscle can sustain its function with only small amounts of collateral flow from surrounding vessels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrillation is most likely to occur during the first 10 minutes after a coronary infarction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second period of cardiac irritability begins approximately 5 hours after a coronary infarction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An elevated extracellular potassium concentration decreases the likelihood of cardiac muscle fibrillation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrillation can occur many days after a myocardial infarction but is less likely.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common factor contributing to cardiac fibrillation is the acute loss of blood supply to the cardiac muscle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscle injury current is a phenomenon solely pertaining to blood vessel dilation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a coronary infarction, the heart can become less prone to fibrillation as time passes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extracellular fluids surrounding cardiac muscle fibers have no influence on cardiac irritability.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional dead fibers rarely contribute to a heart's propensity to fibrillate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Injury currents arise from ischemic conditions affecting cardiac muscle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of the cardiac cycle with their corresponding effects on coronary blood flow:

    <p>Systole = Decreased coronary blood flow due to compression of vessels Diastole = Increased coronary blood flow as vessels are decompressed Vasodilation = Increased blood flow due to adenosine release Oxygen deficiency = Stimulates release of vasodilator substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their role in coronary blood flow regulation:

    <p>Adenosine = Vasodilator that increases blood flow ATP = Precursor that degrades to adenosine under low oxygen Oxygen = Decreased levels trigger vasodilator release AMP = Intermediate substance that leads to adenosine formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the ventricular muscles:

    <p>Left Ventricular Muscle = Greater force of contraction Right Ventricular Muscle = Less force and partial phasic changes Coronary Flow during Systole = Decreased due to muscle contraction Coronary Flow during Diastole = Increased due to relaxation of muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their outcomes in the heart's oxygen supply:

    <p>Increased metabolic consumption = Results in greater coronary blood flow Decreased oxygen concentration = Triggers release of vasodilators Phasic changes in blood flow = Observations in coronary capillaries Relaxation of cardiac muscle = Facilitates rapid blood flow during diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions related to cardiac physiology:

    <p>Intramyocardial Pressure = Pressure from cardiac muscle affecting blood flow Systolic Contraction = Phase where muscle compresses intramuscular vessels Coronary Dilation = Widening of blood vessels in response to low oxygen Vasodilator Substances = Compounds released during decreased oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following coronary circulation terms with their definitions:

    <p>Coronary blood flow = Average 4% to 5% of cardiac output in resting individuals Cardiac output increase during exercise = Increases fourfold to sevenfold in young adults Thebesian veins = Empty directly into all chambers of the heart Normal coronary blood flow rate = Averages 70 ml/min/100 g of heart weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following exercise effects with their outcomes:

    <p>Strenuous exercise = Elevates heart's workload 6-fold to 9-fold Increased sympathetic stimulation = Causes decreased coronary venous return Moderate exercise in weakened hearts = Causes marked increases in right atrial pressure Increased coronary blood flow = Averages 3-fold to 4-fold during heavy exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their roles during exercise:

    <p>Increased arterial pressure = Results from cardiac output increase during exercise Energy expenditure to coronary blood flow ratio = Increases due to higher workload than blood flow Coronary blood flow supply = Increases to supply nutrients needed by the heart Resting coronary output = Accounts for about 225 ml/min in a resting person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart physiology aspects with their descriptions:

    <p>Main coronary arteries = Lie on the surface of the heart Small arteries = Penetrate from the surface into cardiac muscle mass Coronary artery disease = Significant cause of death in industrialized countries Increased cardiac output = Flow changes to meet the heart's heightened demands during exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following physiological changes during exercise with their characteristics:

    <p>Increased sympathetic stimulation = Facilitates both blood return and heart function Blood flow during exercise = Greater during muscle contractions compared to rest Young adult heart performance = Pumps blood against higher than normal arterial pressure Extension of coronary artery circulation = Vital for understanding coronary pathologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters with their primary effects on coronary blood flow:

    <p>Acetylcholine = Slows heart rate and reduces contractility Norepinephrine = Increases heart rate and contractility Epinephrine = Increases metabolism and coronary blood flow Lactic Acid = Induces vasodilation in ischemic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions related to cardiac muscle metabolism:

    <p>Local muscle metabolism = Regulates coronary blood flow based on cardiac needs Sympathetic stimulation = Releases norepinephrine to increase heart activity Vagal stimulation = Releases acetylcholine to decrease heart activity Coronary vasodilation = Increases blood flow in response to metabolic demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following physiological processes with their effects on the heart:

    <p>Increased cardiac metabolism = Promotes dilatation of coronary vessels Decreased heart activity = Leads to reduced coronary blood flow Direct effects = Immediate changes from neurotransmitter actions Indirect effects = Result from secondary heart activity changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the autonomic nervous system with their roles in heart function:

    <p>Sympathetic nerves = Enhance heart rate and contractility Vagus nerves = Slow down heart rate Coronary vessels = Regulate blood flow to cardiac muscle Adrenal medullae = Release norepinephrine and epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of blood flow regulation with their characteristics:

    <p>Local regulation = Responds to metabolic needs of the tissue Sympathetic stimulation = Increases blood flow during activity Indirect effects = Influenced by changes in heart activity Direct effects = Immediate responses to neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors influencing coronary blood flow with their influences:

    <p>Increased lactic acid = Stimulates local blood flow Decreased heart activity = Decreases coronary blood flow Increased metabolism = Promotes vascular dilatation Acetylcholine action = Reduces coronary blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their associated outcomes in cardiac physiology:

    <p>Vagal influence = Slows heart rate Metabolic energy liberation = Forms ATP in mitochondria Norepinephrine release = Increases heart contractility Local vasodilation = Increases blood flow to meet tissue needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects on the cardiovascular system:

    <p>Acetylcholine = Slows down heart contractions Norepinephrine = Increases heart rate Epinephrine = Enhances metabolic activity of heart Lactic acid = Induces pain during ischemic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with their related cardiovascular responses:

    <p>Heart contraction increase = Leads to improved blood perfusion Vagal activation = Results in lowered heart rate Sympathetic activation = Promotes increased cardiac output Increased tissue metabolism = Triggers local vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with their underlying mechanisms in cardiac function:

    <p>Increased metabolism = Dilation of coronary vessels Sympathetic nerve activation = Releases norepinephrine Vagal tone activation = Release of acetylcholine Exercise = Increases cardiac contractility and flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Circulatory Readjustments During Exercise

    • Three major effects occur in the circulatory system during exercise:
      • Sympathetic nervous system activation for increased circulatory stimulation
      • Increase in arterial pressure
      • Increase in cardiac output

    Sympathetic Stimulation May Increase Arterial Pressure During Exercise

    • Increased arterial pressure occurs due to:
      • Vasoconstriction of arterioles and small arteries in most tissues except the brain and active muscles
      • Increased pumping activity of the heart
      • Increased mean systemic filling pressure due to venous contraction

    Effects of Sympathetic Activation

    • Sympathetic activation leads to:
      • Increased heart rate and strength due to sympathetic stimulation and reduced parasympathetic inhibition
      • Arterioles constriction in the peripheral circulation, except in the brain and active muscles
      • Vasoconstriction of the veins leading to increased blood return to the heart

    Importance of Increased Cardiac Output During Exercise

    • Marathon runners with higher cardiac output tend to have better running times, indicating the importance of cardiac output for efficient oxygen delivery
    • The increase in cardiac output during exercise is achieved through changes in both cardiac output and venous return curves
    • The venous return curve shifts upward due to increased mean systemic filling pressure and decreased resistance to venous return

    Graphic Analysis of Changes in Cardiac Output During Heavy Exercise

    • The cardiac output and venous return curves shift to higher levels during heavy exercise
    • The mean systemic filling pressure increases from 7 mm Hg during rest to 30 mm Hg during maximal exercise
    • This increase in pressure is a result of sympathetic contraction of veins and compression of internal vessels
    • The slope of the venous return curve rotates upwards due to decreased resistance in active muscle tissue

    Muscle Blood Flow During Exercise

    • Blood flow in the calf during strong rhythmic contractions is much less during contractions than between contractions.
    • Contracted muscles compress blood vessels, reducing blood flow.
    • During intense exercise, blood flow increases despite the compression of vascular muscles.
    • Vasodilator factors released during exercise, such as potassium ions, ATP, lactic acid, and carbon dioxide, maintain increased capillary blood flow.
    • Even large amounts of adenosine infused directly into a muscle artery cannot increase blood flow to the same extent as during intense exercise.
    • Increased sympathetic activation during exercise causes a significant increase in heart rate and force of contraction.
    • Sympathetic activation also constricts arterioles in many parts of the body, except the brain and active muscles, which increases mean systemic filling pressure and venous return.
    • Epinephrine, released during exercise, often has a slight vasodilator effect because of its action on beta-adrenergic receptors of blood vessels.

    Circulatory Readjustments During Exercise

    • Three major effects occur during exercise to increase blood flow to muscles: sympathetic nervous system activation, increased arterial pressure, and increased cardiac output.
    • Sympathetic stimulation causes increased heart rate and force of contraction, as well as a vasoconstricting effect on various arterioles, enhancing venous return.
    • Increased arterial pressure during exercise results from vasoconstriction in most tissues except the brain and active muscles, increased cardiac pumping activity, and elevated mean systemic filling pressure.

    Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial Infarction

    • During myocardial infarction, blood flow ceases in coronary vessels beyond the occlusion, resulting in an infarcted area.
    • Collateral blood flow develops gradually after coronary occlusion, increasing over time to potentially reach normal or near-normal levels within a month.
    • Infarcted areas become dark blue-brown, engorged with blood, and edema develops due to increased vascular permeability.
    • Cardiac muscle cells die when deprived of blood supply for a prolonged period (about 1.3 ml of oxygen/100 g of muscle tissue/min is required for survival).

    Cardiac Fibrillation and Myocardial Infarction

    • Cardiac fibrillation is more likely to occur during the initial 10 minutes and later during the first few hours after myocardial infarction.
    • Elevated extracellular potassium concentration due to ischemic musculature contributes to cardiac irritability and fibrillation risk.
    • Ischemia causes injury currents and abnormal conduction pathways, which can lead to circus movements and sustain fibrillation.

    Recovery from Myocardial Infarction

    • Dead muscle tissue in the center of an ischemic area enlarges over time as the surrounding marginal fibers succumb to ischemia.
    • Small ischemic regions may not cause cell death but can still lead to temporary muscle dysfunction due to compromised nutrition.
    • Non-functional area surrounding the dead muscle exhibits failure of contraction and impulse conduction.
    • Areas with mild ischemia still contract, but weakly.
    • Infarcted areas are usually replaced with scar tissue over time.
    • The heart's ability to increase cardiac output beyond resting levels (cardiac reserve) is affected by the size of the infarct.
    • Even with a reduced cardiac reserve, a person can still perform most daily activities but may struggle with strenuous exercise.

    Coronary Circulation

    • Coronary artery disease is a significant cause of death in industrialized nations.
    • Most older adults have some degree of coronary artery impairment.
    • Coronary blood flow averages about 5% of cardiac output.
    • Coronary blood flow in a resting person averages 70 ml/min/100 g of heart weight, or about 225 ml/min.

    Physiological Anatomy of the Coronary Blood Supply

    • The main coronary arteries are located on the surface of the heart and branch into smaller arteries that penetrate the heart muscle.
    • The coronary arteries supply the heart with blood during diastole (relaxation).
    • During systole (contraction), compression of the intramuscular blood vessels by the left ventricle reduces blood flow.
    • Right ventricular blood flow is less affected by systole due to the lower force of contraction.
    • Local muscle metabolism heavily influences coronary flow, with increased metabolic demand triggering vasodilation.

    Coronary Blood Flow Regulation

    • Increased oxygen consumption by the heart results in increased coronary blood flow, almost proportionally.
    • The specific mechanism for coronary dilation is not fully understood.
    • A decrease in oxygen concentration in the heart is thought to trigger the release of vasodilator substances like adenosine.
    • Adenosine, a potent vasodilator, is released from the heart muscle when ATP degrades to AMP in low-oxygen conditions.
    • Sympathetic stimulation, releasing norepinephrine and epinephrine, increases heart rate and cardiac metabolism, indirectly increasing coronary blood flow.
    • Vagal stimulation, releasing acetylcholine, slows heart rate and slightly depresses contractility, indirectly decreasing coronary blood flow.

    Cardiac Ischemia

    • During prolonged heavy exercise, coronary venous blood flow may decrease.
    • Moderate exercise can cause a marked increase in right atrial pressure in patients with weakened hearts.
    • Lactic acid buildup in cardiac tissue during ischemia may contribute to cardiac pain.

    Coronary Artery Disease Treatment

    • Vasodilator drugs, such as nitroglycerin and nitrates, can relieve anginal pain during an acute attack.
    • Long-term treatment for angina pectoris includes drugs like beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and ranolazine.
    • Angioplasty is a procedure used to expand and unblock coronary arteries.
    • Stents can be inserted into coronary arteries to keep them open, but restenosis (reblocking) can occur.
    • Drug-eluting stents release medication to help prevent restenosis.
    • Laser therapy can dissolve atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries without damaging arterial walls.

    Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

    • Aortic-coronary bypass grafting (CABG) involves grafting a section of vein from an arm or leg to a coronary artery beyond a blockage, improving blood flow.
    • CABG can relieve anginal pain and improve life expectancy in patients with coronary ischemia.

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    Description

    Explore how the circulatory system adapts during exercise through increased arterial pressure, cardiac output, and sympathetic nervous system activation. Understand the mechanisms involved, including heart rate changes and vasoconstriction. This quiz delves into the intricate responses of the circulatory system under physical stress.

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