45 Questions
What type of nucleic acid is associated with viruses?
ssRNA
Which of the following is an example of a PAMP?
Flagellin
What type of molecule is lipoteichoic acid?
Carbohydrate
What is the term for endogenous molecules produced by damaged or dying cells?
DAMPs
What is the term for molecular patterns associated with pathogens?
PAMPs
What type of molecule is CpG?
Nucleic acid
What is the term for proteins produced in response to stress?
HSPs
What type of molecule is Mannan?
Carbohydrate
What is the term for molecular patterns associated with fungi and bacteria?
MAMPs
What does the abbreviation 'WBC' stand for?
White Blood Cells
What is the primary function of granulocytes in innate immunity?
Phagocytosis
What is the main difference between innate and acquired immunity?
Innate immunity is nonspecific, while acquired immunity is specific
What is the role of antigen presentation in the immune response?
Activation of T cells
What is the process by which the immune system produces antibodies to fight infection?
Humoral Immunity
What is the function of cytokines in the immune response?
Signaling between immune cells
What is the term for an overactive immune response resulting in tissue damage?
Hypersensitivity reaction
What is the function of Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
To recognize and process antigens
What is the term for the process by which immune cells recognize and eliminate non-self substances?
Innate immunity
What is the term for the soluble components of the immune system, such as proteins and peptides?
Molecules (Soluble Components)
What is the term for the process by which the immune system remembers and mounts a stronger response to subsequent infections?
Immunological memory
What is the primary function of the immune system?
To defend the body against pathogens
What is the term for the immune response that involves the activation of T cells and macrophages?
Cell-mediated Immunity
What is the term for the failure of the immune system to defend against infection or disease?
Immunodeficiency
What is the term for the process by which the immune system produces immune cells?
Hematopoiesis
What is the term for the complex of proteins and peptides that are involved in the activation of immune responses?
Major Histocompatibility Complex
What is the term for the process by which the immune system eliminates pathogens and foreign substances?
Effector Mechanisms
What is the term for the immune cells that are involved in the recognition and elimination of pathogens?
NK Cells
What is the primary function of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in innate immunity?
To recognize PAMPs and DAMPs
Which cell types express the widest variety and greatest amount of PRRs?
Phagocytes and dendritic cells
Where are PRRs typically expressed in cells?
On cell surfaces, in phagocytic vesicles, and in the cytosol
What happens when PRRs bind to PAMPs and DAMPs?
Antimicrobial and proinflammatory functions are promoted
What type of receptors are toll-like receptors (TLR)?
A type of PRR
Which of the following is NOT an example of a PRR found on macrophages?
Cytokine receptors
What is the fate of PAMPs and DAMPs when they bind to PRRs?
They activate signal transduction pathways
What is the purpose of Figure 6 in the text?
To illustrate PAMPs and DAMPs
Which of the following is a type of PRR found on macrophages?
Glucan receptors
What is the function of dermal dendritic cells?
To initiate a protective response against viruses
What is the result of disturbing normal bacterial flora with antibiotics?
Increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections
What is the function of Peyer's Patches in the small intestine?
To function as specialized lymphoid tissues
What is the role of commensal organisms in the body?
To compete against pathogens
What is the function of lysozyme in body fluids?
To have a bactericidal effect
What is the function of the washing action of tears and saliva?
To provide a mechanical barrier against pathogens
What is the role of the turbinate bones in the respiratory tract?
To remove particles from the air
What is the function of spermin and zinc in sperm?
To have a bactericidal effect
What is the function of lactoperoxidase in milk?
To have a bactericidal effect
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