Physiology Chapter 4: Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of respiration?

  • Gas exchange (correct)
  • Protection against microorganisms
  • Voice production
  • Regulation of blood pH

Which process refers to gas exchange between the blood and tissues?

  • Transport of gases
  • Ventilation
  • External respiration
  • Internal respiration (correct)

How does an increase in carbon dioxide levels affect blood pH?

  • It lowers the pH (correct)
  • It raises the pH
  • It has no effect
  • It stabilizes the pH

What role do the nasal cavity and mucus play in the respiratory system?

<p>They filter foreign bodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an external function of the respiratory system?

<p>Gas exchange with the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during ventilation in the context of respiration?

<p>Gas exchange between atmosphere and alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas is primarily responsible for the regulation of blood pH?

<p>Carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of the respiratory system is specifically involved in sound production?

<p>Voice production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the conducting airways?

<p>Filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is involved in gas exchange?

<p>Alveolar sacs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cartilaginous airways from non-cartilaginous airways?

<p>Composition and structural support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily drives the process of inhalation?

<p>Diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the thoracic cavity during quiet breathing?

<p>It increases in size by up to 1 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many capillaries typically surround each alveolus?

<p>1000 capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system serves as a common passageway for both respiratory and digestive systems?

<p>Pharynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate total surface area of the alveoli available for gas exchange?

<p>50-100 m² (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?

<p>Lower alveolar surface tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for secreting surfactant?

<p>Type II pneumocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to surface tension in smaller alveoli with the presence of surfactant?

<p>Decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does surfactant affect the compliance of the lungs?

<p>Increases compliance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the physiological benefits of surfactant related to alveoli?

<p>Prevents alveolar collapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does surfactant have on pressure required to inflate alveoli as lung volume increases?

<p>Pressure required increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the absence of surfactant, how would the alveoli behave?

<p>They would collapse due to high surface tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one role of surfactant in maintaining alveolar health?

<p>Maintains dryness of alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the formula for transpulmonary pressure (PL) represent?

<p>The difference between alveoli pressure and pleural pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the pressure in the alveoli (PA) exceeds 20 cm H2O?

<p>There is a risk of rupturing the alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the contraction of the diaphragm affect pleural pressure (PPL) during inhalation?

<p>PPL becomes more negative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does compliance in lung mechanics measure?

<p>The volume change per unit pressure change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to lung compliance as lung volume increases?

<p>Compliance decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of elastic recoil in lung mechanics?

<p>To facilitate the expulsion of air during expiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during tidal inspiration prior to diaphragm contraction?

<p>Pleural pressure (PPL) is slightly negative (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does elastic recoil have on lung behavior during breathing?

<p>It prevents over-inflation of the lungs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of surfactant in the lungs?

<p>To prevent lung collapse by reducing surface tension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lung volume represents the air breathed in and out during normal breathing?

<p>Tidal Volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Total Lung Capacity (TLC) calculated?

<p>Vital Capacity + Residual Volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical volume range of Residual Volume (RV) in females?

<p>1000 ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lung capacity includes both Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) and Residual Volume (RV)?

<p>Functional Residual Capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range for Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

<p>1500 – 2000 ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which volume is NOT included in the calculation of Vital Capacity (VC)?

<p>Residual Volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cortisol in lung development during gestation?

<p>To stimulate the production of surfactant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

<p>As bicarbonate ion in plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme accelerates the hydration of CO2 in red blood cells?

<p>Carbonic anhydrase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of CO2 is typically transported as carbamino compounds?

<p>20-30% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mechanoreceptors play in the respiratory system?

<p>They prevent overstretching of the lung. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are exchanged in RBCs to maintain electroneutrality when bicarbonate is transported out?

<p>Cl- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbonic acid after it is formed in RBCs?

<p>It dissociates into HCO3- and H+. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does bronchodilation refer to in the context of respiratory control?

<p>Widening of bronchioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increased inspiration or specific diseases regarding mechanoreceptors?

<p>They prevent lung overstretching. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Respiration

The process by which the body takes in oxygen (O2), uses it, and releases carbon dioxide (CO2).

External Respiration

The exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) happens between the environment and the body's cells.

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between the blood and tissues, happening inside cells.

Ventilation

The process of moving air between the atmosphere and the lungs. This helps keep the lungs filled with fresh air for gas exchange.

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Gas Exchange in the Lungs

The exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the air in the lungs and the blood.

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Transport of Gases

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the lungs and the rest of the body.

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Regulation of Blood pH by Respiratory System

The body maintains a stable pH level by adjusting carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

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Voice Production

Production of sound and speech through the movement of air past the vocal folds.

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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Amount of air forcefully expired after expiration of normal tidal volume.

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Residual Volume (RV)

Volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration.

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Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

The highest volume of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest possible breath.

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Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Total volume of air that the lungs can contain.

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Tidal Volume (VT)

Volume of air breathed into and out of the lung during quiet breathing.

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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Amount of air inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume.

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Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation.

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Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Total volume of air that can be inhaled.

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Surfactant

A substance that reduces surface tension at the interface between liquids and gases or solids.

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Type II pneumocytes

A type of cell in the lungs that secretes surfactant.

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Surface tension

The tendency of liquids to minimize their surface area, caused by cohesive forces between molecules.

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Lung compliance

The ability of the lungs to expand with air.

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Alveolar pressure

The pressure required to keep an alveolus open.

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How surfactant stabilizes alveoli

Surfactant helps prevent smaller alveoli from collapsing and larger alveoli from over-expanding, making breathing more efficient.

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Surfactant prevents alveolar edema

Surfactant helps prevent fluid buildup in the alveoli, keeping them dry.

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Surfactant reduces work of breathing

Surfactant reduces the effort needed to breathe.

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Transpulmonary Pressure (PL)

The difference between the alveolar pressure (PA) and the pleural pressure (PPL) - PA - PPL.

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Elastic Recoil

Forces in the lung that resist stretching, influencing how easily the lung snaps back to its original shape after being inflated.

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Positive Pressure Ventilation

A positive pressure applied to the lungs through artificial means like a ventilator, leading to increased alveolar pressure (PA) and lung inflation.

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Tidal Inspiration

Contraction of the diaphragm, the main muscle of inspiration, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity and decreases pleural pressure (PPL).

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Pleural Pressure (PPL)

A pressure less than atmospheric pressure, found in the space between the lung and chest wall. Usually slightly negative, around -5 cm H2O.

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Alveolar Pressure (PA)

The pressure inside the alveoli of the lungs. Equal to atmospheric pressure prior to inspiration.

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Bicarbonate Formation

The conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood into bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions, which are then transported out of red blood cells (RBCs) and into the plasma.

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Carbonic Anhydrase

A protein found in red blood cells (RBCs) that speeds up the reaction of CO2 with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).

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Chemoreceptors

These are sensors in the body that detect changes in blood gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) and pH levels.

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Mechanoreceptors

These are sensors in the respiratory system that detect changes in lung volume and pressure.

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CO2 Transport

The process of transporting carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs for exhalation.

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Dissolved CO2

The amount of CO2 dissolved directly in the plasma.

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Carbamino Compound Formation

The process of forming a chemical bond between CO2 and a protein molecule.

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What is the function of the upper airway?

The upper airway consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. It warms, filters, and humidifies air before it reaches the lungs. It also protects the delicate lower respiratory tract from foreign particles.

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What is the function of the lower airway?

The lower airway includes the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. It carries air to and from the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs.

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What are the respiratory airways?

The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs are the sites of gas exchange in the lungs.

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What are the differences between cartilaginous and non-cartilaginous airways?

The trachea and bronchi are supported by cartilage, which keeps them open. The bronchioles and alveolar ducts lack cartilage.

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What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

The diaphragm is the primary muscle of inspiration. It contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and drawing air into the lungs.

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What are the other inspiratory muscles?

The external intercostal muscles help elevate the rib cage, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and assisting in inspiration.

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What are alveoli?

The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs that are surrounded by capillaries. Gas exchange occurs very efficiently here due to the close proximity of the alveoli and capillaries.

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Why is there such a high density of capillaries around alveoli?

The high density of capillaries around alveoli ensures efficient gas exchange. Red blood cells pass through this network in less than a second, allowing for rapid exchange of gases.

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Study Notes

Physiology (0603302) - Chapter 4: Respiratory System

  • Focuses on the respiratory system, gas exchange, and control of respiration
  • Course offered in the Summer semester of 2023/2024
  • Presented by Dr. Mohammad A. Abedal-Majed
  • Provided by the School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan

Overview of Respiration

  • Respiration is the process of taking in oxygen (O2) and releasing carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • External respiration is gas exchange between the external environment and the cells of the body.
  • Internal respiration is gas exchange between the blood and tissues (metabolic processes in the mitochondria).
  • External respiration steps:
    • Ventilation, or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs in the lungs.
    • Gas exchange between air in the alveoli (air sacs) and the blood.
    • Transport of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the tissues.
    • Gas exchange between the blood and the tissues.

Respiratory System Functions

  • Primary functions:
    • Gas exchange: Oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide exits.
  • Other functions:
    • Regulation of blood pH: Changes in CO2 levels alter pH.
    • Voice production: Movement of air past vocal folds creates sound.
    • Protection: Prevents microorganisms from entering the respiratory system.

Respiratory System Divisions

  • A - Conducting Airways:
    • No gas exchange occurs here (anatomical dead space).
    • Upper Airways (before trachea):
      • Nose, pharynx, larynx
      • Functions include filtration, warming, and humidification of incoming air and protecting delicate lower tract.
    • Lower Airways (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles):
      • Conducts air to and from gas exchange surfaces.
  • B - Respiratory Airways (gas exchange):
    • Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs.
    • High surface area for gas exchange.
    • Dense capillary networks surround alveoli, enhancing gas exchange.
    • RBCs (red blood cells) pass through alveolar capillary networks rapidly (~ <1 sec).

Muscles of Inspiration

  • Inspiration (inhalation): The process of drawing air into the lungs.
  • Diaphragm contraction increases the thoracic cavity size, pushing against abdominal contents.
  • Other inspiratory muscles (e.g., external intercostals) help expand the rib cage.
  • Normal quiet breathing involves movement of about 1 cm of the diaphragm and 10 cm of active breathing.

Muscles of Expiration

  • Expiration (exhalation): The process of expelling air from the lungs.
  • Passive during quiet breathing: Diaphragm relaxes, rib cage descends, and thoracic cavity shrinks.
  • Active during exercise: Abdominal and internal intercostal muscles contract, expelling more air.
  • Breathing rates are 10-20 breaths per minute at rest; increasing to 40-45 during maximum exercise.

Static Lung Mechanics

  • Lung pressures:
    • PB = barometric pressure (surrounding chest wall).
    • Ppl = intrapleural pressure (pressure in the pleural space).
    • PA = alveolar pressure (pressure within alveoli).
  • Transpulmonary pressure: (a measure of the lung's tendency to collapse)
    • Difference between alveolar pressure (PA) and intrapleural pressure (Ppl).
  • Transmural pressure:
    • Difference between intrapleural pressure (Ppl) and barometric pressure (PB).

Principles of Breathing

  • Follows Boyle's Gas Law: Pressure x Volume = Constant
  • Volume changes lead to pressure changes, causing air movement into and out of the lungs.
  • Pleural cavity: Small space with negative pressure, allowing lungs and ribs to move smoothly.

Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities

  • Volumes: Specific amounts of air.
  • Capacities: The sum of two or more volumes.
    • Tidal volume (TV): Amount of air inhaled/exhaled in a single breath.
    • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): Extra air inhaled beyond tidal volume.
    • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): Extra air exhaled beyond tidal volume.
    • Residual volume (RV): Amount of air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation.
    • inspiratory capacity(IC): Total volume of air that can be inhaled.
    • Functional residual capacity(FRC): Volume of air in the lungs after a normal exhalation.
    • Vital capacity (VC): Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation.
    • Total lung capacity (TLC): Maximum volume of air lungs can hold.

Clinical Applications

  • Premature births: Infants born prematurely often have inadequate surfactant, resulting in lung difficulties.
  • Restrictive lung diseases: Characterized by a reduction in lung compliance (difficulty inflating lungs). Lung volumes will be smaller than normal.
  • Obstructive lung diseases: Characterized by increased airway resistance (difficulty exhaling). Lung volumes may be normal, but maximum airflow may be decreased.

Control of Respiration

  • Regulation of bronchial/bronchiolar smooth muscle.
  • Breathing centers in the brain:
    • Pons, medulla.
    • Chemoreceptors in lungs and other tissues monitor blood gases and pH.
  • Effectors:
    • Diaphragm..
    • Intercostal muscles..
    • Abdominal muscles.

Summary for Control of Respiration

  • Parasympathetic responses
    • bronchoconstriction
  • Sympathetic responses
    • bronchodilation

Regulation of Respiration

  • Mechanoreceptors (stretch receptors in airways) respond to lung inflation and prevent over-expansion.
  • Chemoreceptors respond to changes in O2, CO2, and H+ levels in the blood.
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors monitor blood gases and pH, and central chemoreceptors are located in the medulla.

Pulmonary Function Tests

  • Useful for assessing lung function (e.g., FVC, FEV1).
  • Can diagnose restrictive or obstructive lung diseases.

Oxygen Transport

  • Oxygen is poorly soluble in blood plasma.
  • Most oxygen is carried by hemoglobin within red blood cells .

Carbon Dioxide Transport

  • Majority of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions in the blood.

PO2 and PCO2 in Blood

  • Partial pressure gradients drive O2 and CO2 movement between the lungs and tissues.

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