Physiology and Immune System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the physiological response triggered in muscle fibres when a motor neuron is stimulated by a threshold stimulus?

Recruitment of all motor units

Complete tetanus

Incomplete tetanus

Recruitment of one motor unit (correct)

Which emotion condition affects the function of the liver according to the Zang-Fu theory in Chinese Medicine?

Joy

Sadness

Anger (correct)

Fear

Which cell type is a key component of the innate immune system?

Macrophages (correct)

T lymphocytes

Plasma cells

B lymphocytes

Which soluble factor is directly involved in the innate immune response?

Complement Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic cell type would be diagnostic for disseminated tuberculosis in an intravenous drug addict?

Langhans giant cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular component is included in the innate immune system?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is a concern for an obese patient using phenytoin, given its high lipophilicity?

A delayed onset of drug action Signup and view all the answers

Which cell layer of the blastocyst plays the most active role in invading the maternal endometrium during implantation?

Syncytiotrophoblast Signup and view all the answers

Which variation type includes insertion and deletion?

Copy number variation Signup and view all the answers

What is the alpha-ketoacid produced from the deamination of alanine?

Pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

Where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA occur within the cell?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is a common method for activating oncogenes?

Point mutation Signup and view all the answers

Which property is generally seen in pluripotent stem cells?

Self-renewal capacity Signup and view all the answers

How do catabolic pathways function in metabolism?

They degrade larger molecules into smaller ones and release energy Signup and view all the answers

What best characterizes a noncompetitive inhibitor's interaction with an enzyme?

It alters the enzyme's shape but not the active site Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about metabolism in the liver is accurate during varying nutritional states?

Different nutrients are prioritized based on availability Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism prevents an enhancer from interacting with a promoter during gene expression?

Insulator Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic test is considered most suitable for determining the eligibility of cystic fibrosis patients for a new drug based on CFTR gene variants?

DNA genotyping test Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon allows heterozygous female carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy to potentially show symptoms of the disease?

Skewed X-inactivation Signup and view all the answers

In the context of electronic health records, why are patient diagnosis International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes categorized as structured data?

ICD codes allow a standardized definition of diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genetic testing is most appropriate for a family seeking to decrease the risk of an autosomal recessive condition in their child before implantation?

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules are primarily packaged into chylomicrons for the transport of lipids in the body?

Triacylglycerol Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting fuel storage to maintain blood glucose levels?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic alteration is commonly associated with certain cancers, specifically involving RAS mutations?

Point mutations Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis acts as the primary barrier to environmental damage?

Stratum corneum Signup and view all the answers

What structural component of bacterial cells is specifically targeted by penicillin?

Cell wall peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is identified by a Gram stain as most likely to be sensitive to penicillin due to its unique cell structure?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is the definitive host in the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum?

Anopheles mosquito Signup and view all the answers

What method provides rapid diagnosis of microbial infections by detecting genetic material?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the morphology of a Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacterium?

Spirochaete Signup and view all the answers

In a patient suspected of disseminated gonococcal infection, which growth medium is most appropriate for culturing Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Thayer-Martin agar Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is accurate?

It is composed primarily of lipopolysaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is primarily found in the external muscle layers of the middle 1/3 of the oesophagus?

Dense regular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is primarily involved in voluntary movement within the external muscle layers?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What cytoskeletal component is primarily associated with skin-blistering disorders?

Intermediate filaments Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is primarily found in the cerebral cortex as indicated in the microscopic image?

Multipolar neurons Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily involved in support within a sympathetic ganglion?

Satellite glial cells Signup and view all the answers

In which layer of embryonic development does a genetic defect causing congenital urinary and genital duct issues primarily manifest?

Intermediate mesoderm Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue is present in cardiac specimens?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid is typically found in the joint spaces such as that of the knee?

Synovial fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fatty acids in the liver during fasting?

Fatty acids will be used by the liver as the principal source of fuel. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly defines the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)?

Average amount of a nutrient required each day to maintain normal function in nearly all of the population. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of thiamine deficiency, which compound is most likely to accumulate?

Alpha-ketoglutarate. Signup and view all the answers

Which complex in the electron transport chain transfers electrons to cytochrome C?

Complex III. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process is influenced by LSD's action on 5-HT2A serotonergic receptors?

Opening of calcium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum. Signup and view all the answers

To confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, which assessment is crucial?

A decision cut-off value of HbA1c for diabetes mellitus. Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid process occurs predominantly in the liver during fasting?

Fatty acids are converted into ketone bodies for energy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of thiamine deficiency?

Enhanced energy metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Multiple Choice Questions (Section A)

Local anesthetic drug mechanism: Local anesthetics block pain signaling transmission by blocking sodium channels.
Tinea infection: Microsporum canis is typically recovered from skin scrapings of patients with tinea.
Antibody testing: Infections by Treponema pallidum (syphilis) are often diagnosed via antibody testing.
Parasite appearance: Cestodes (tapeworms) are characterized by an elongated and segmented appearance.
Urethral discharge: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most likely pathogen responsible for a recent onset of purulent urethral discharge in a 24-year-old male.
Host immune defects of tuberculosis: Defective T-lymphocyte production weakens the host's immune response to tuberculosis, making it predisposing factor.
Dermis protein: Collagen constitutes the primary protein fibre in the skin's dermis.
Hair growth phase: The average length of the anagen phase, the active hair growth phase, is three years.
Apocrine secretion: The mammary gland is an example of a gland that uses apocrine secretion.
Meiosis stage of oocyte: Oocytes are in metaphase II when ovulated.
Haemostasis precursor: Megakaryocytes give rise to the formed elements responsible for haemostasis.
Nervous system cell and hydrocephalus: Dysfunctional apical cilia of ependymal cells can result in hydrocephalus.
Epithelium type: The image exhibits stratified squamous epithelium, which lines the urinary bladder.
Monogenic disease inheritance: An autosomal recessive inheritance pattern is most likely in a family with a rare neurological disorder affecting a boy and a girl, while other siblings and biological parents are healthy.
Anaerobic cellular respiration: Pyruvate is converted to lactate, requiring NAD+.
In vitro fertilization and genetic diseases: Mitochondrial replacement is a reproductive technology resulting in babies with genetic material from three individuals.
Vitamin C deficiency: Vitamin C is required for proline hydroxylation in protein post-translational modification, and deficiency leads to scurvy .
Cell cycle checkpoints and DNA replication: G2 checkpoint halts the cycle if DNA replication is incomplete.
Aerobic respiration and acetyl-CoA: NAD+ is required for pyruvate oxidation to acetyl-CoA.
RNA processing and cellular location: RNA processing primarily takes place in the nucleus of a cell.
Single gene disorders and inheritance: Autosomal dominant disorders exhibit affected individuals in all generations.
Vaccination and immune response: Memory lymphocytes are the key cellular mediators in long-lasting antigen-specific immune protection.
Body fluid compartments: Intracellular fluid volume = Total body fluid volume – (plasma volume + interstitial fluid volume)
Vesicular transport: Exocytosis describes the release of neurotransmitters at a chemical synapse.
Excitation-contraction coupling: Calcium ions activate troponin, initiating muscle contraction.
Core body temperature regulation: Shivering increases heat production when core body temperature is below the set point.
False negative rate of a test: The false negative rate is equivalent to 1-sensitivity of the test.
Positive predictive value: If a test is positive in 60 of 100 patients who test positive, and also positive in 60 of 100 normal individuals, the positive predictive value for the test is 0.50
Universal Health Coverage (UHC): Health care workforce development is a part of the target for achieving UHC, in addition to access to essential health services and medicines.
Parenteral route of administration: Intramuscular injection produces a slower response than a subcutaneous injection.
Fructose malabsorption: Glucose transporter is necessary for fructose absorption from the small intestine.
Muscle fibre response to stimulation: Recruitment of one motor unit occurs in response to a threshold stimulus.
Zang-Fu theory and emotions: Anger affects the Liver's function in Chinese Medicine.
Innate immune system: Macrophages are critical components of the innate immunity system.
Host immune defects and tuberculosis: Defective T-lymphocyte production can compromise immunity and results to tuberculosis.
Soluble immune factors: Complement is directly involved in innate immune response.
Diagnosis of disseminated tuberculosis: Langhans giant cells are characteristic of disseminated tuberculosis.
Innate immune system components: Neutrophils are critical components of the innate immune system.
Drug and obesity: Obese patients using highly lipophilic drugs like phenytoin face a potential concern for delayed onset of drug action.
Vitamin C and scurvy: Vitamin C is required for the post-translational modification of protein, proline hydroxylation, and deficiency leads to scurvy.
Cell cycle checkpoints and spindle attachment: Metaphase checkpoint verifies accurate chromosome attachment to the mitotic spindle.
Pyruvate conversion in aerobic respiration: The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA needs NAD+.
RNA processing localisation: RNA processing is primarily a nuclear function.
Mendelian inheritance and pedigrees: affected individuals in all generations indicate autosomal dominant inheritance.
Fluid compartments, intracellular fluids: Total body fluid volume- (interstitial fluid volume + plasma volume)= intracelluar fluid volume
Microscopy vs diagnosis: Digital whole slide imaging facilitates learning and diagnosis outside the traditional pathology laboratory setting.
Mesoderm derivatives: The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the urinary and genital ducts, especially the kidneys.
Layers of skin: Stratum corneum is the outermost stratum of the epidermis.
Bacterial cell structure: Penicillin acts on peptidoglycan of bacteria cell wall.
Bacterial appearance: Spirochaetes bacteria display a spiral shape.
Plasmodium falciparum and host: Anopheles mosquitoes and humans are involved in the plasmodium life cycle.
Diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Neisseria gonorrhoeae grows on Thayer-Martin agar and is a facultative anaerobe.
Rapid microbial diagnosis: PCR and RT-PCR testing allows for rapid identification.
Infectious disease transmission: In a crowded area with exposure to contaminated water, and poor or unsanitary hygiene, the route of transmission may involve faecal-oral transmission.
Candida albicans: Vaginal thrush is a common infection by Candida albicans in immunocompetent hosts.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Best way to reprocess surgical equipment is to dispose contaminated equipment and ideally sterilise in formaldehyde.
Gram stain of bacteria: Gram-negative bacteria appear different colours from Gram-positive bacteria.
Bacteria cause disease: Burkholderia pseudomallei is the cause of melioidosis.
Norovirus infection control: Routine handwashing and the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer is primary in prevention.
Caseating granulomas and immune cells: Epithelioid histiocytes are vital components of granulomas.
Inflammatory features causing radiographic findings: Exudation, the process of fluid release into tissues, often leads to radio-opacity.
Gastric ulcer bleeding cause: Helicobacter pylori infection is the most probable cause of bleeding gastric ulcers.
Type of wound healing: Features of secondary intention include granulation tissue formation which leads to larger wound scar.
Tumour formation in the lungs: Metastasis from a primary malignant tumour in other organs or regions of the body is a likely cause of lung nodules.
Benign vs malignant neoplasms: A slow-growing, well-defined epithelial tumor is more likely to be benign.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various physiological responses, immune system components, and their interactions in the body. This quiz covers topics related to muscle fiber responses, liver function in Chinese Medicine, and key cell types in the innate immune system. Dive into questions that challenge your understanding of cellular mechanisms and metabolic processes.