30 Questions
What is the result of removing the stimulus to excess growth in a pathological adaptation?
Regression
What type of growth is characterized by an increase in the size of cells?
Hypertrophy
What is the term for a change in cell differentiation in response to environmental changes?
Metaplasia
What is an example of a physiological adaptation that results in hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
Exercise-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy
What is the term for abnormal growth that carries an increased risk of neoplastic change?
Hyperplasia
What is an example of a pathological adaptation that results in hyperplasia?
Endometrial hyperplasia
What is the term used to describe the process of tumour cells extending into the surrounding tissues by breaching the basement membrane?
Invasion
What is the term used to describe a neoplasm that exhibits no evidence of differentiation with its tissue of origin?
Anaplastic
What is the term used to describe an abnormal increase in the number of cells?
Hyperplasia
What is the term used to describe the degree of resemblance of malignant cells to the tissue of origin?
Differentiation
What is the characteristic feature of poorly differentiated neoplasms?
They tend to be more invasive and more aggressive
What is the term used to describe abnormal cell growth and division?
Neoplasia
What is the suffix used to denote a malignant tumour of connective tissue origin?
-sarcoma
Which type of tumour arises from glandular epithelium?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the term for tumours derived from the non-neural support tissues of the brain?
Gliomas
What is the term for tumours of solid lymphoid tissue?
Lymphomas
What is the term for tumours derived from cells of the neuroendocrine system?
Neuroendocrine tumours
What is the term for tumours of melanocytes?
Melanomas
What is the fundamental alteration that occurs in metaplasia?
Transformation of stem cells into a different type
In response to chronic irritation, the normal columnar respiratory epithelium in the bronchi may be replaced by?
Squamous epithelium
What is the term for the replacement of fibrous tissue with bone tissue in response to chronic trauma?
Osseous metaplasia
What is the term for the replacement of normal native squamous epithelium with gastric-type columnar epithelium in the esophagus?
Barrett's oesophagus
What is the term for the proliferation of cells that exhibit abnormal structural features due to defects in cell maturation?
Neoplasia
What can metaplasia coexist with, in addition to hyperplasia?
Dysplasia
What is the most likely diagnosis for a breast biopsy showing islands of monomorphic epithelial cells with foci of apoptosis surrounded by a continuous layer of epithelial cells?
Ductal carcinoma in situ
Which of the following is an example of a benign tumor?
Fibroma
What is the most likely mechanism of spread of a high-grade serous carcinoma from the ovary to the liver?
Transcoelomic spread
What is the characteristic feature of malignant tumors that breaches the basement membrane?
Local invasion
What is the term for the abnormal growth of cells that has the potential to become cancerous?
Neoplasia
What is the term for the growth of cells that is not cancerous and does not invade surrounding tissues?
Benign tumor
Understand the differences between physiological and pathological adaptations, including exercise-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and pregnancy-related myometrium growth. Learn how stimuli can trigger abnormal growth.
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