Lec 2
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Questions and Answers

What occurs when cells are unable to adapt to physiological stresses and pathological stimuli?

  • Cell repair
  • Cell injury (correct)
  • Cell death
  • Cellular adaptation

    • What is a characteristic of reversible cell injury?

  • Permanent membrane damage
  • Severe nucleus damage
  • No membrane damage and intact nucleus (correct)
  • Rapid cell death

    • What is the outcome of severe, persistent, and rapid stress to a cell?

  • Irreversible cell injury (correct)
  • Cell adaptation
  • Reversible cell injury
  • Cell hypertrophy

    • What is the result of removing the damaging stimulus from a cell with reversible injury?

    <p>Cell returns to a stable state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Severity of stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of cellular adaptations in response to physiological stresses and pathological stimuli?

    <p>To achieve a new steady state and preserve viability and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of membrane damage during cell injury?

    <p>Mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of severe DNA damage to a cell?

    <p>Cell death by apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of DNA damage?

    <p>Radiation and chemical injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that can lead to defects in membrane permeability?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

    <p>Lipid peroxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of mitochondrial injury?

    <p>ATP depletion leading to necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of continuous injurious stimuli to cells?

    <p>Irreversible cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of oxygen deprivation mentioned in the text?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of injurious stimuli in cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of necrotic cell death?

    <p>ATP depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the consequences of cell injury?

    <p>Type, state, and adaptability of injured cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of ATP depletion in cells?

    <p>Necrotic cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of sodium pump failure in the mechanism of ischemic/hypoxic injury?

    <p>Influx of Ca2+, Na+, and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of increased cytosolic Ca+2 in the mechanism of cell injury?

    <p>Activation of enzymes that damage cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mitochondrial injury in the mechanism of cell injury?

    <p>Formation of channels in the mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of anaerobic glycolysis in the mechanism of ischemic/hypoxic injury?

    <p>Accumulation of lactic acid causing low pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the influx of oxygen-derived free radicals in the mechanism of cell injury?

    <p>Damaging cell organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of ATP depletion in the mechanism of ischemic/hypoxic injury?

    <p>Cellular and ER swelling, mitochondria swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cellular swelling in reversible cell injury?

    <p>Loss of Na+ K+ ATPase pump activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of hydropic changes in reversible cell injury?

    <p>Pinched off segments of ER, appearing as small clear vacuoles within cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is affected by water accumulation, leading to swelling in reversible cell injury?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the appearance of lipid-filled vacuoles in cytoplasm in reversible cell injury?

    <p>Fatty changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is commonly affected by fatty changes in reversible cell injury?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of detachment of polysomes from ER in reversible cell injury?

    <p>Inhibition of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of ATP generation that is affected by injurious stimuli?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of oxygen deprivation mentioned in the text?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of ATP depletion in the mechanism of cell injury?

    <p>Necrotic cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the consequences of cell injury?

    <p>Type, state, and adaptability of the injured cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of injurious stimuli on cell membranes?

    <p>Disruption of homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondria in the mechanism of cell injury?

    <p>ATP generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of continuous injurious stimuli to cells?

    <p>Cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of injurious stimuli in cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of reduced supply of oxygen in the mechanism of cell injury?

    <p>ATP depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of toxins in the mechanism of cell injury?

    <p>ATP depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

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