Physics Concepts in Motion and Forces
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Questions and Answers

What does the Law of Conservation of Momentum state about the momentum in an isolated system?

  • Momentum decreases after a collision.
  • Momentum can be created during a collision.
  • Total momentum before a collision is greater than after.
  • Total momentum remains constant before and after a collision. (correct)

Which equation correctly defines electrical power?

  • Power = Current x Voltage (correct)
  • Power = Work done / time
  • Power = Energy transferred / time
  • Power = Force x Distance

What characterizes the I-V graph of an ohmic resistor?

  • It is a horizontal line independent of current.
  • It shows increasing resistance with temperature.
  • It is a linear graph that obeys Ohm's law. (correct)
  • It has a decreasing slope with increasing voltage.

What does an anomalous result indicate in an experiment?

<p>A result that deviates significantly from the expected trend. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a skydiver reach terminal velocity during a jump?

<p>By balancing air resistance with gravitational force. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a balloon when it is rubbed on a jumper?

<p>The balloon becomes positively charged. (A), Electrons are gained by the balloon. (C), Electrons are transferred from the balloon to the jumper. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does a charged balloon stick to a wall?

<p>It induces an opposite charge on the wall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is weight defined in physics?

<p>The mass of an object multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents acceleration on a velocity-time graph?

<p>The slope of the graph. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a straight line on a distance-time graph indicate?

<p>Constant speed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a fuse in an electrical circuit?

<p>To protect against excess current. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the moment of a force calculated?

<p>By multiplying the force by the distance from the pivot. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an inclined line on a velocity-time graph represent?

<p>Acceleration or deceleration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate weight from mass?

<p>Weight = Mass x 9.8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect stopping distance?

<p>Air pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Ohm's Law state about the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance?

<p>Voltage = Current x Resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a force diagram for a person standing on a table, which forces must be included?

<p>Normal force and gravitational force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation can be used to calculate acceleration?

<p>Acceleration = Change in velocity / time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately represents Hooke's Law?

<p>Force is equal to the spring constant times extension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'resultant force'?

<p>The vector sum of all acting forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors influence braking distance in a vehicle?

<p>Braking distance is influenced by the quality of brakes and vehicle mass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Power

The rate at which energy is transferred or work is done. Measured in watts (W).

Independent Variable

The variable that is changed or controlled in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is being tested and measured in an experiment.

Control Variable

Variables that are kept constant to ensure a fair test. They prevent unwanted influence on the results.

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Anomalous Result

A result that deviates significantly from the expected pattern or trend.

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Electron Transfer

The movement of negatively charged particles (electrons) from one material to another. This results in one object becoming negatively charged and the other positively charged.

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Mass

The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). It doesn't change regardless of location.

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Weight

The force exerted on an object due to gravity. Calculated by weight = mass x gravitational field strength (W = mg). Measured in newtons (N).

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Moment of a Force

The turning effect of a force around a pivot point. It's calculated by multiplying the force by the perpendicular distance from the pivot.

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Distance-Time Graph

A graph showing the distance traveled by an object over time. The slope represents speed, straight lines indicate constant speed, and curved lines indicate changing speeds.

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Velocity-Time Graph

A graph showing the velocity of an object over time. The slope represents acceleration, the area under the graph represents displacement, and horizontal lines indicate constant velocity.

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Fuse

This component in an electrical circuit is designed to break the circuit by melting if the current exceeds a safe level, preventing damage from overheating and potential fires.

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What happens when a negatively charged object is rubbed against another object?

The process of transferring an excess of electrons from one object to another, creating static electricity. This results in one object becoming positively charged and the other negatively charged.

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Acceleration Equation (Change in velocity over time)

A formula that calculates the change in velocity over time, represented as acceleration (a) = (final velocity (v) - initial velocity (u)) / time(t)

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Acceleration Equation (Final Velocity)

A formula that calculates the final velocity (v) of an object, where initial velocity (u), acceleration (a), and time (t) are known; v = u + at

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Acceleration Equation (Displacement)

A formula that calculates the displacement (s) of an object, given its initial velocity(u), acceleration (a), and time (t); s = ut + 1/2 at²

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Calculating Weight from Mass

Weight is a force calculated by multiplying mass (m) by the gravitational field strength (g), approximately 9.8 m/s² on Earth. Formula: Weight (W) = Mass (m) x Gravitational field strength (g).

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Force Diagram

A diagram showing all the forces acting on an object, represented by arrows with their magnitudes and directions.

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Resultant Force

The total of all forces acting on an object, determined by adding all forces as vectors. This force determines the object's acceleration according to Newton's Second Law.

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Hooke's Law

A law stating that the force (F) required to extend or compress a spring is directly proportional to the extension (x) or compression, represented by F = kx, where k is the spring constant.

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Conservation of Momentum

States that the total linear momentum of a closed system remains constant in the absence of external forces. This means that the momentum of a system before a collision equals the momentum after the collision.

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Study Notes

Electron Transfer

  • Electrons are transferred from one material to another when rubbed together.
  • One object gains excess electrons (negatively charged), and the other loses electrons (positively charged).
  • A charged balloon sticks to a wall because the charged balloon induces a charge on the wall's surface.
  • Opposite charges attract and like charges repel, creating an attractive force.

Mass vs. Weight

  • Mass is the amount of matter in an object (kg), remaining constant regardless of location.
  • Weight is the force exerted on an object due to gravity (N).
  • Weight = mass x gravitational field strength (W = mg)
  • Weight varies with gravitational field strength.

Calculating Moment of a Force

  • Moment of a force is the turning effect of a force around a pivot.
  • Calculated by: Moment = force x distance from pivot
  • A diagram showing a force applied at a distance from a pivot point is needed.

Annotated Diagrams for Motion

  • Distance-Time Graph:
    • Straight line: Constant speed.
    • Curved line: Changing speed (acceleration or deceleration).
    • Slope: Represents speed.
  • Velocity-Time Graph:
    • Slope: Represents acceleration.
    • Area under the graph: Represents displacement.
    • Horizontal line: Constant velocity.
    • Inclined line: Acceleration or deceleration.

Role of a Fuse

  • A fuse protects electrical circuits by breaking the circuit if the current exceeds a safe level.
  • Prevents overheating and potential fires.

Calculating Acceleration

  • Acceleration = change in velocity / time
  • Acceleration = Final velocity – Initial velocity / Time
  • Acceleration = Change in displacement / (Time)²

Calculating Weight from Mass

  • Weight = mass x gravitational field strength (W = mg)
  • Gravitational field strength is approximately 9.8 m/s² on Earth.

Drawing Force Diagrams

  • Diagrams should include all relevant forces acting on an object.
  • Examples:
    • Person standing: Normal force, gravitational force (weight)
    • Car accelerating: Driving force, friction, air resistance
    • Boat resting on water: Buoyant force, gravitational force (weight)

Factors Affecting Stopping Distance

  • Stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance
  • Thinking distance: depends on speed and reaction time (fatigue, drugs/alcohol).
  • Braking distance: depends on speed, vehicle mass, brake quality, road conditions (wet, icy).

Ohm's Law

  • Ohm's Law: Voltage = Current x Resistance (V = IR)
  • A circuit diagram showing a power source, resistor, and ammeter in series is needed.
  • Measurements required: Voltage across the resistor and current through the circuit.

Resultant Force

  • Resultant force: The single force that represents the vector sum of all the forces acting on an object.
  • Determines an object's acceleration according to Newton's second law (F = ma).

Hooke's Law and Conservation of Momentum

  • Hooke's Law: Force is proportional to extension (F = kx).
  • Law of Moments: For equilibrium, sum of clockwise moments = sum of anticlockwise moments.
  • Law of Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum before a collision is equal to total momentum after the collision in an isolated system.

Power and Energy

  • Power: The rate at which energy is transferred or work is done (measured in watts (W)).
  • Equations:
    • Power = Energy transferred / time
    • Power (electrical) = Current x Voltage

I-V Graphs

  • Ohmic Resistor: Linear graph (obeys Ohm's law).
  • Filament Bulb: Non-linear graph (resistance increases with temperature).
  • Thermistor: Non-linear graph (resistance decreases with temperature, for an NTC thermistor).

Terms Explanation

  • Independent Variable: The variable the experimenter changes.
  • Dependent Variable: The variable that is measured by the experimenter.
  • Control Variable: Variables that are kept constant to ensure a fair test.

Anomalous Results

  • Anomalous result: A result that significantly differs from the expected pattern or trend.

Terminal Velocity

  • Terminal velocity: A skydiver accelerates due to gravity.
  • As speed increases, air resistance increases.
  • When air resistance equals gravitational force, the skydiver falls at a constant speed.

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IGCSE Edexcel Physics Mock Study Guide PDF

Description

Explore fundamental concepts in physics including electron transfer, the difference between mass and weight, and the calculation of moment of forces. This quiz covers key principles such as the behavior of charged objects and the mechanics of motion through diagrams and calculations.

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