IGCSE Edexcel Physics Mock Study Guide PDF

**IGCSE Edexcel Physics Mock Study Guide** ========================================== **1. Describing Electron Transfer** ----------------------------------- **Describe in terms of electron transfer how a balloon that has been rubbed on a jumper will stick to a wall.** - **Electron Transfer:**...

**IGCSE Edexcel Physics Mock Study Guide** ========================================== **1. Describing Electron Transfer** ----------------------------------- **Describe in terms of electron transfer how a balloon that has been rubbed on a jumper will stick to a wall.** - **Electron Transfer:** When a balloon is rubbed against a jumper, electrons are transferred from one material to the other. This leaves one object with an excess of electrons (negatively charged) and the other with a deficit (positively charged). - **Sticking to a Wall:** The charged balloon induces a charge on the surface of the wall by attracting opposite charges and repelling like charges. This creates an attractive force between the balloon and the wall, causing the balloon to stick. **2. Mass vs. Weight** ---------------------- **What is the difference between mass and weight?** - **Mass:** The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). It is a scalar quantity and remains constant regardless of location. - **Weight:** The force exerted on an object due to gravity, calculated as weight = mass x gravitational field strength (W = mg). Measured in newtons (N), it is a vector quantity and varies with gravitational field strength. **3. Calculating Moment of a Force** ------------------------------------ **Draw a diagram to help you explain how to calculate the moment of a force around a pivot. Include a diagram in your answer.** - **Moment of a Force:** The turning effect of a force around a pivot, calculated by the formula: - **Diagram:** (Include a simple diagram showing a force applied at a distance from a pivot point.) **4. Annotated Diagrams for Motion** ------------------------------------ **Draw annotated diagrams to show the features of a distance-time graph and a velocity-time graph.** - **Distance-Time Graph:** - **Slope:** Represents speed. - **Straight line:** Constant speed. - **Curved line:** Changing speed (acceleration or deceleration). - **Velocity-Time Graph:** - **Slope:** Represents acceleration. - **Area under the graph:** Represents displacement. - **Horizontal line:** Constant velocity. - **Inclined line:** Acceleration or deceleration. **5. Role of a Fuse** --------------------- **State the role of a fuse.** - A fuse protects electrical circuits by breaking the circuit if the current exceeds a safe level, preventing overheating and potential fires. **6. Calculating Acceleration** ------------------------------- **State three equations that you can use to calculate acceleration.** - (Change in velocity over time) - (Final velocity equation) - (Displacement equation) **7. Calculating Weight from Mass** ----------------------------------- **How can you calculate weight from mass?** - Use the formula: where is weight, is mass, and is the gravitational field strength (approximately 9.8 m/s² on Earth). **8. Drawing Force Diagrams** ----------------------------- **Draw a force diagram for the following:** - **Person standing on a table:** Include normal force and gravitational force (weight). - **Car accelerating:** Include driving force, friction, and air resistance. - **Boat resting on water:** Include buoyant force and gravitational force (weight). **9. Factors Affecting Stopping Distance** ------------------------------------------ **Describe the factors that affect stopping distance.** - **Stopping Distance:** Sum of thinking distance and braking distance. - **Factors Affecting:** - **Thinking Distance:** Speed, reaction time (influenced by fatigue, drugs, alcohol). - **Braking Distance:** Speed, mass of vehicle, brake quality, road conditions (wet, icy, etc.). **10. Ohm's Law** ----------------- **State Ohm's law. Show a diagram to show how you can calculate the resistance of a resistor in a series and state which measurements you will need to do this.** - **Ohm's Law:** (Voltage = Current x Resistance) - **Diagram:** Include a simple circuit diagram with a power source, resistor, and ammeter in series. - **Measurements:** Voltage across the resistor and current through the circuit. **11. Resultant Force** ----------------------- **What does the term \"resultant force\" mean?** - **Resultant Force:** The single force that represents the vector sum of all forces acting on an object. It determines the object's acceleration according to Newton's second law:. **12. Hooke\'s Law and Conservation of Momentum** ------------------------------------------------- **State Hooke\'s law, the law of moments, and the law of conservation of momentum.** - **Hooke's Law:** (Force is proportional to extension, where is the spring constant.) - **Law of Moments:** For equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments. - **Law of Conservation of Momentum:** Total momentum before a collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision in an isolated system. **13. Power and Energy** ------------------------ **Define Power and state as many equations for power as you can.** - **Power:** The rate at which energy is transferred or work is done, measured in watts (W). - **Equations:** - (Energy transferred per unit time) - (Electrical power: Current x Voltage) - (Work done per unit time) **14. I-V Graphs** ------------------ **Draw I-V graphs for an ohmic resistor, a filament bulb, and a thermistor.** - **Ohmic Resistor:** Linear graph, obeys Ohm's law. - **Filament Bulb:** Non-linear graph, resistance increases with temperature. - **Thermistor:** Non-linear graph, resistance decreases with temperature (for an NTC thermistor). **15. Terms Explanation** ------------------------- **Explain the meaning of the terms:** - **Independent Variable:** The variable that is changed or controlled in an experiment. - **Dependent Variable:** The variable being tested and measured. - **Control Variable:** The variables that are kept constant to ensure a fair test. **16. Anomalous Results** ------------------------- **What does the term \"anomalous\" mean?** - **Anomalous Result:** A result that deviates significantly from the expected pattern or trend. **17. Terminal Velocity** ------------------------- **Write a paragraph to describe how a skydiver reaches terminal velocity when jumping from a plane.** - **Terminal Velocity:** A skydiver accelerates due to gravity upon jumping. As speed increases, air resistance also increases. When air resistance equals gravitational force, the skydiver reaches terminal velocity and falls at a constant speed