Pharmacology Unit 1 Preliminary Exam Review
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Questions and Answers

What is pharmacodynamics primarily concerned with?

  • The movement of the drug in the body
  • The effects of the drug on the body (correct)
  • The chemical structure of the drug
  • The preparation and dispensing of drugs

    • Which term best describes the first phase when solid drugs are converted to liquid form in the body?

  • Pharmaceutic (correct)
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacy

    • What is the main characteristic of Type B adverse drug reactions?

  • Completely unexpected reactions (correct)
  • Dangerous but anticipated effects
  • Expected pharmacological effects
  • Mild and temporary responses

    • What distinguishes a brand name from a generic name in pharmacology?

    <p>Generics are the common names used globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes an individual's low physiological response to a drug despite receiving a maximum dose?

    <p>Drug Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes excipients in pharmaceuticals?

    <p>Substances aiding in drug dissolution and form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between therapeutic effects and side effects of a drug?

    <p>Therapeutic effects are the desired outcomes, while side effects are unintended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines drug toxicity in a pharmacological context?

    <p>Deleterious effects from overdose or cumulative drug presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of muscarinic receptor agonists such as pilocarpine?

    <p>Promote miosis and increase gastric acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the effects of excessive muscarinic stimulation?

    <p>Excessive perspiration indicating clinical manifestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does atropine function as a muscarinic antagonist?

    <p>Reduces saliva and mucus secretions, prevents vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable side effect associated with cholinesterase inhibitors like physostigmine?

    <p>Bradycardia and bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the use of oxybutynin?

    <p>It is an antimuscarinic agent that causes bladder relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for increasing the dose of a medication?

    <p>To compensate for decreased effectiveness after repeated doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a nurse do if unsure about a drug calculation?

    <p>Ask another nurse to double check the calculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the '10 Rights' of medication administration?

    <p>Right storage method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the most convenient route for drug administration?

    <p>Oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should a nurse instruct a patient with difficulty swallowing enteric coated tablets?

    <p>Take with a large amount of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is specifically used to administer otic medications to adults?

    <p>Backwards and upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should a nurse take if the patient refuses medication?

    <p>Educate the patient about the medication's importance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pharmacokinetics, what is the focus of the 'pharmaceutic' phase?

    <p>Drug formulation and delivery to the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should sustained action drugs not be crushed?

    <p>It destroys the drug's effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a principle to follow when preparing and administering medications?

    <p>Allow other nurses to administer the prepared medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does drug efficacy refer to?

    <p>The drug's ability to activate the receptor once bound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about agonists is true?

    <p>They facilitate receptor activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?

    <p>TI = TD50 / ED50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If Drug A achieves the same maximum effect as Drug B at a lower dose, what can be concluded about Drug A's potency?

    <p>Drug A has higher potency than Drug B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a narrow therapeutic index indicate about a drug?

    <p>It requires close monitoring for adverse effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the onset of a drug?

    <p>The time from administration to the first observable effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the concentration of a drug above which toxic effects are likely to occur?

    <p>Maximum effective concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If TD50 is 200 mg and ED50 is 100 mg, what is the therapeutic index (TI)?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point is maximal efficacy reached concerning drug dosage?

    <p>When increasing dosage no longer increases therapeutic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes potency regarding drug effects?

    <p>The amount of drug required to elicit a specific effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of action for a drug that has an onset at 8 AM and is no longer felt by 10 AM?

    <p>1 hour and 45 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Clark’s Rule, what is the child's dose for an adult dose of 80 mg for a child weighing 7 kg?

    <p>8.2 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of drug-drug interactions, what does a synergistic effect imply?

    <p>The combined effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the primary effect of a drug?

    <p>An effect that is always desirable or physiological.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient experiences abnormal reactivity to a drug due to a genetic disposition, what is this termed?

    <p>Idiosyncratic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement is used in Fried's Rule to calculate a child's dose?

    <p>Age in months divided by 150</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In drug response terminology, which of the following best defines a secondary effect?

    <p>An effect that can be either desirable or undesirable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'antagonistic effect' mean in the context of drug interactions?

    <p>The combined effect is less than the sum of individual effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the appropriate child's dose for a child weighing 26 lbs using Young's Rule and an adult dose of 500 mg?

    <p>56 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by drug toxicity?

    <p>The ability of a drug to cause adverse effects at normal doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fundamental Concepts in Pharmacology

    • Pharmacology: Study of drugs covering origin, chemical structure, preparation, administration, action, metabolism, and excretion.
    • Pharmacy: Art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs; also refers to the establishment where these activities occur.
    • Pharmaceutic Phase: Initial phase for orally taken drugs where solid drugs convert to liquid form in gastric acids.
    • Pharmacokinetics: Examines the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; evaluates how the body affects drugs.
    • Pharmacodynamics: Focuses on drug effects at molecular, biochemical, and physiological levels; investigates what drugs do to the body.

    Drug Naming Conventions

    • Generic Name: Approved name by medical/pharmaceutical associations (e.g., Paracetamol).
    • Brand Name: Proprietary name given by the manufacturer (e.g., Adol, Panadol, Biogesic).
    • Chemical Name: Describes the drug’s atomic or chemical structure.

    Drug Actions and Effects

    • Stimulation Effect: Increases rate of cell's activity or gland secretion.
    • Depression Effect: Decreases rate of cell's activity or gland secretion.
    • Excipients: Substances aiding in drug structure and enhancement of dissolution.
    • Therapeutic Effect: Primary intended result of the drug.
    • Side Effect: Unintended secondary effect; should report to physician.
    • Adverse Effect: Severe, unintended side effects; requires reporting to physician.
    • Drug Toxicity: Harmful effects due to overdose or accumulation in the bloodstream.
    • Drug Allergy: Immunological response to a drug.
    • Drug Tolerance: Decreased response to a drug, often necessitating increased doses.

    Principles of Drug Administration

    • Verify calculations with another nurse if unsure.
    • Medications prepared by the nurse should be administered by that nurse to prevent errors.
    • Review medication labels and compare with written orders.
    • Confirm patient identification through their name and ID band.
    • Adhere to the 10 rights of medication administration:
      • Right Medication
      • Right Dose
      • Right Time
      • Right Route
      • Right Patient
      • Right Client Education
      • Right Documentation
      • Right to Refuse
      • Right Assessment
      • Right Evaluation

    Drug Routes and Administration

    • Oral Medications: Convenient but avoid in vomiting patients; avoid crushing specific tablets.
    • Parenteral Medications: Faster response compared to oral.
    • Otic Medications:
      • For children: Administer backwards and downwards.
      • For adults: Administer backwards and upwards.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Onset: Time from administration to the first observable effect.
    • Peak: Highest concentration of the drug when maximum effect is observed.
    • Duration of Action: Time the drug maintains therapeutic effects.

    Drug Response Types

    • Primary Drug Response: Desired physiological effects.
    • Secondary Drug Response: Additional effects; can be desirable or undesirable (e.g., drowsiness from antihistamines).

    Drug Interactions

    • Additive Effect: Combined effect equals the sum of the individual effects.
    • Synergistic Effect: Combined effects greater than separate effects.
    • Potentiation: One drug enhances the effect of another.
    • Antagonistic Effect: Combined effect is less than the sum of individual effects.

    Pediatric Calculations

    • Clark’s Rule: Dosage based on weight in pounds relative to standard adult dose.
    • Young’s Rule: Dosage based on age in years relative to age + 12.
    • Fried’s Rule: Dosage based on age in months relative to a standard adult dose.

    Autonomic Nervous System Agents

    • Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System: Divisions of the nervous system.
    • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Promotes "rest and digest"; functions include decreased heart rate and increased gastrointestinal activity.
    • Cholinergic Agonists: Act like acetylcholine; include nicotinic and muscarinic effects.
    • Muscarinic Agonists: Enhance salivation, urination, and gastric acid secretion (e.g., Pilocarpine).
    • Antimuscarinic Agents: Decrease secretions; used for urinary incontinence (e.g., Oxybutynin).

    Nursing Considerations

    • Regular urinary assessments and monitoring for excessive secretion are essential.
    • Be aware of adverse effects such as bradycardia and hypotension associated with cholinergic stimulation.

    Drug Toxicity Awareness

    • Recognize symptoms of drug toxicity as result of overdosage or blood accumulation.

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    Related Documents

    Review Guide in Pharmacology – Preliminary Exam PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your preliminary exam in pharmacology with this comprehensive review guide covering the fundamental concepts. Explore the origins, chemical structures, and actions of drugs, along with essential aspects of pharmacy and pharmacokinetics. This quiz will help consolidate your knowledge and boost your confidence.

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