108 Questions
What is the starter molecule for the classical complement pathway?
C1
Which molecule acts as a decay accelerating factor in the alternative complement activation pathway?
Factor H and I
Which pathway involves spontaneous activation and control by C1 inhibitor?
Classical complement pathway
In the lectin complement pathway, what molecule serves as the starter molecule?
MBL
Which complement molecule is known for preventing C9 from joining MAC?
Protectin (CD59)
On which cells is Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I mainly found?
All nucleated cells
Which of the following mediators causes vasodilation and increased permeability?
Prostaglandins
What is the primary function of LTB4 among the leukotrienes?
Chemoattractant
Which phase of the vascular stage of inflammation involves passive vasodilation and increased permeability?
Phase Three
Which of the following inflammatory mediators is primarily responsible for inducing platelet aggregation?
Platelet Activating Factor
Which of the following complement components is an exception to the rule that 'a' is the chemoattractant and 'b' is the active enzyme?
C2
What is the primary function of IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β in the resolution of inflammation?
Stimulating apoptosis of pro-inflammatory cells
What is the role of a hapten in the immune response?
It can conjugate with a carrier to become immunogenic
Which type of antigen is most likely to be presented by MHC class I molecules?
Viral antigens
What is the difference between immunogenicity and antigenicity?
Immunogenicity is the ability to stimulate an immune response, while antigenicity is the ability to be caught by the outcome of that response
Which type of antigen is most likely to be found in gram-negative bacteria?
F-fimbria antigens
What is the role of an epitope in the immune response?
It is a determinant on the surface of an antigen that can be bound by the immune system
What are autoantigens?
Self antigens that the immune system recognizes as non-self
Which type of graft involves transplanting tissues between genetically identical individuals?
Isograft
Which type of graft rejection causes the strongest immune rejection reaction?
Xenograft rejection
Which type of rejection is characterized by proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells leading to arterial occlusion?
Chronic rejection
Which type of graft involves transfer of circulating blood cells or plasma?
Transfusion
Which type of graft involves moving host tissues to a different part of the animal's own body?
Autograft
Which strategy involves the use of drugs that block T cell costimulation?
Costimulatory blockade
What is the primary function of conventional DCs?
Found at sites of pathogen entry and express co-stimulators
What is the main difference between T independent and T dependent antigens?
T independent antigens directly stimulate B cells
Which cytokine is released by leukocytes and has 39 discovered types?
Interleukins
What is the role of Fc receptors on B cells?
Detect IgG, IgE, and IgA
Which type of B cell activation results in long-lived plasma cells and isotype switching?
T dependent activation
What is the primary function of helper T cells?
Provide support to B cells and CD8 killer T cells
Which cytokine is mainly responsible for the activation of CD8 killer T cells?
IL-12
What is the main function of IgG antibodies?
Neutralize, opsonize, activate ADCC, and activate complement
What is the primary function of NK cells?
Kill infected cells through ADCC
Which type of antigen presentation is mainly responsible for the activation of CD8 killer T cells?
Cross presentation on MHC1
What is the main cause of autoimmunity?
Spontaneous development of reactivity against the self
Which process involves immature self-reactive T cells occurring in primary lymphoid organs?
Receptor editing
In type 1 hypersensitivity, where does excessive histamine release primarily occur in dogs?
Liver
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves antibody-antigen complex deposition in vessels?
Type 3
What is the outcome of a self-reactive T cell in B cell immunotolerance with high avidity to self?
Apoptosis
Which pathway of cell death involves BAX & BAK puncturing mitochondria?
Intrinsic pathway
What is the primary function of vasoactive amines like histamine and serotonin in inflammation?
Increasing blood vessel permeability
Which stage of inflammation is characterized by passive vasodilation that leads to swelling, pain, and impaired function?
Vascular Stage Phase Three
What is the main effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) in inflammation?
Induction of platelet aggregation
Which molecules play a key role in the process of leukocyte extravasation during inflammation?
Selectins, mucins, integrins, and PECAM-1
Which molecule is responsible for the termination of inflammation by inducing apoptosis in pro-inflammatory cells?
Lipoxins
What is the function of complement component C2 in the complement system?
Chemoattractant activity
In a xenograft transplant, what type of antigens are involved, causing the strongest immune rejection reaction?
Xenoantigens
What is the primary cause of arterial occlusion in chronic rejection after several months post-transplant?
Proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells
Which strategy involves inhibiting T cell signaling to prevent excess IL-2 and T cell proliferation?
Cyclosporine
What type of graft involves moving host tissues to a different part of the animal's body, triggering no immune response?
Autograft
What is the main role of passive vaccines in providing immediate protection?
Generating antibodies in the recipient
Which molecule is involved in the hyperacute rejection that occurs minutes to hours after grafting?
Pre-existing antibodies
Which type of B cell activation results in rapid IgM production, short-lived plasma cells, and no memory formation?
T-independent activation
Which cytokine is responsible for the differentiation of Th1 cells and the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-y)?
IL-12
Which type of T cell activation requires the presence of helper T cells to stimulate B cells, leading to isotype switching and affinity maturation?
Follicular B cell activation
Which cytokine is mainly responsible for activating CD8 killer T cells through cross-presentation on MHC-I molecules?
IFN-gamma
What is the main function of Th17 cells in the adaptive immune response?
Release of IL-17 for inflammatory responses
Which type of B cell receptor has heavy chains that determine the class of immunoglobulin (Ig) and light chains that make up the other half of the binding site?
BCR (B cell receptor)
In the pathway of T-dependent B cell activation, what is the main role of germinal centers?
Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation
Which complement molecule acts as a decay accelerating factor in the alternative complement activation pathway?
Factor H
Which MHC molecule is found on all nucleated cells and can present antigens to CD8 T cells?
MHC class I
Which of the following complement components is an exception to the rule that 'a' is the chemoattractant and 'b' is the active enzyme?
C3
Which complement pathway involves spontaneous activation and control by C1 inhibitor?
Alternative
What is the main function of IgG antibodies?
Activation of complement
What is the role of Fc receptors on B cells?
Antibody-mediated phagocytosis
What is the primary function of vasodilatory prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)?
Relieve pain
Which vasoactive amine is particularly known for causing dilation of blood vessels and increased permeability?
Histamine
In the context of inflammation stages, which phase is characterized by active vasodilation to increase blood flow, resulting in redness and heat?
Vascular Stage Phase Two
What is the main function of plasma proteases in the inflammatory process?
Increase permeability and pain
Which mediator of inflammation is responsible for inducing smooth muscle contraction and acting as a chemoattractant?
Leukotriene B4
What is the outcome of failing to resolve inflammation properly?
Chronic inflammation
Which molecule serves as the starter molecule in the alternative complement activation pathway?
C3
Which type of cells display Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules to CD8 T cells?
DC cells
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves T cell mediation and does not involve B cells or antibodies?
Type 4
What is the primary function of Decay Accelerating Factor in the complement system?
Prevents C9 from joining MAC
What is the primary cause of autoimmunity as described in the text?
Loss of regulatory control
Which antigen is likely involved in a positive skin test result that shows huge mixed cell swelling?
Mycobacteria tuberculosis
Which complement pathway involves mannose binding lectin (MBL) as a starter molecule?
Lectin Complement
What triggers heart disease as mentioned in the text?
Streptococcus infection
What is the outcome of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II binding specificity compared to MHC class I?
Displayable by DC cells
What is the function of Protectin (CD59) in the complement system?
Prevents C9 from joining MAC
Which factor plays a big role in autoimmunity according to the text?
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
Which type of antigen is most likely to be found in gram-negative bacteria?
K- capsular antigens
Which molecule acts as a decay accelerating factor in the alternative complement activation pathway?
Factor H
Which cytokine is responsible for the differentiation of Th1 cells and the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)?
IL-12
What is the main difference between T independent and T dependent antigens?
T independent antigens do not require helper T cells for the activation of B cells
Which MHC molecule is found on all nucleated cells and can present antigens to CD8 T cells?
MHC class I
Which molecule is responsible for the termination of inflammation by inducing apoptosis in pro-inflammatory cells?
TGF-β
Which type of immune cell is responsible for presenting antigens to naive T cells?
Dendritic Cells
Which type of innate immune cell functions as a professional antigen-presenting cell?
Dendritic Cells
In which organ do B cells mature and undergo positive and negative selection in rabbits, ruminants, dogs, and pigs?
Ileal Peyer's Patches
Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for killing virally infected cells and tumor cells?
NK Cells
Which type of immune cell is responsible for activating helper T cells through the presentation of antigens on MHC class II molecules?
Type 2 cDCs
Which type of immune cell is responsible for cross-priming antigens onto MHC class I molecules to activate naive killer T cells?
Type 1 cDCs
Which type of immune cell primarily releases pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial infection?
Macrophages
Which type of immune cell is responsible for the production of type I interferon during viral infections?
Plasmacytoid DCs
Which immune cell receptor is responsible for recognizing carbohydrates of fungi?
C-type Lectin Receptor
Which immune cell receptor is responsible for recognizing bacterial peptidoglycans?
NOD-like Receptor
What is the term used to describe tissues placed at a different site?
Heterotopic
Which type of graft involves transplanting tissues between genetically different members of the same species?
Homograft
What is the most frequent type of graft becoming routine for kidneys and bone marrow?
Allograft
What is the result of the adaptive immune response that creates memory and leads to accelerated rejection upon re-grafting from the same donor?
Graft rejection
What causes arterial occlusion due to the proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells in chronic rejection?
Thrombotic occlusion of blood vessels
What is the primary outcome of a self-reactive T cell in central immunotolerance?
Apoptosis
Which type of hypersensitivity involves the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs)?
Type 2
What is the process by which self-reactive T cells are eliminated in central immunotolerance?
Negative selection
Which type of immune cell is responsible for cross-presenting antigens on MHC class I molecules?
Dendritic cells
YOU GOT THIS
ALL THE FUCKING ABOVE
Test your knowledge on the pharmacological actions of Prostaglandins (PGE1, PGE2, TXA), Leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4), and Vasoactive Amines (histamine, serotonin). Explore their roles in vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain, fever, platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, and more.
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