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Questions and Answers
What is the starter molecule for the classical complement pathway?
What is the starter molecule for the classical complement pathway?
Which molecule acts as a decay accelerating factor in the alternative complement activation pathway?
Which molecule acts as a decay accelerating factor in the alternative complement activation pathway?
Which pathway involves spontaneous activation and control by C1 inhibitor?
Which pathway involves spontaneous activation and control by C1 inhibitor?
In the lectin complement pathway, what molecule serves as the starter molecule?
In the lectin complement pathway, what molecule serves as the starter molecule?
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Which complement molecule is known for preventing C9 from joining MAC?
Which complement molecule is known for preventing C9 from joining MAC?
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On which cells is Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I mainly found?
On which cells is Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I mainly found?
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Which of the following mediators causes vasodilation and increased permeability?
Which of the following mediators causes vasodilation and increased permeability?
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What is the primary function of LTB4 among the leukotrienes?
What is the primary function of LTB4 among the leukotrienes?
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Which phase of the vascular stage of inflammation involves passive vasodilation and increased permeability?
Which phase of the vascular stage of inflammation involves passive vasodilation and increased permeability?
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Which of the following inflammatory mediators is primarily responsible for inducing platelet aggregation?
Which of the following inflammatory mediators is primarily responsible for inducing platelet aggregation?
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Which of the following complement components is an exception to the rule that 'a' is the chemoattractant and 'b' is the active enzyme?
Which of the following complement components is an exception to the rule that 'a' is the chemoattractant and 'b' is the active enzyme?
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What is the primary function of IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β in the resolution of inflammation?
What is the primary function of IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β in the resolution of inflammation?
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What is the role of a hapten in the immune response?
What is the role of a hapten in the immune response?
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Which type of antigen is most likely to be presented by MHC class I molecules?
Which type of antigen is most likely to be presented by MHC class I molecules?
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What is the difference between immunogenicity and antigenicity?
What is the difference between immunogenicity and antigenicity?
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Which type of antigen is most likely to be found in gram-negative bacteria?
Which type of antigen is most likely to be found in gram-negative bacteria?
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What is the role of an epitope in the immune response?
What is the role of an epitope in the immune response?
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What are autoantigens?
What are autoantigens?
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Which type of graft involves transplanting tissues between genetically identical individuals?
Which type of graft involves transplanting tissues between genetically identical individuals?
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Which type of graft rejection causes the strongest immune rejection reaction?
Which type of graft rejection causes the strongest immune rejection reaction?
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Which type of rejection is characterized by proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells leading to arterial occlusion?
Which type of rejection is characterized by proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells leading to arterial occlusion?
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Which type of graft involves transfer of circulating blood cells or plasma?
Which type of graft involves transfer of circulating blood cells or plasma?
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Which type of graft involves moving host tissues to a different part of the animal's own body?
Which type of graft involves moving host tissues to a different part of the animal's own body?
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Which strategy involves the use of drugs that block T cell costimulation?
Which strategy involves the use of drugs that block T cell costimulation?
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What is the primary function of conventional DCs?
What is the primary function of conventional DCs?
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What is the main difference between T independent and T dependent antigens?
What is the main difference between T independent and T dependent antigens?
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Which cytokine is released by leukocytes and has 39 discovered types?
Which cytokine is released by leukocytes and has 39 discovered types?
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What is the role of Fc receptors on B cells?
What is the role of Fc receptors on B cells?
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Which type of B cell activation results in long-lived plasma cells and isotype switching?
Which type of B cell activation results in long-lived plasma cells and isotype switching?
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What is the primary function of helper T cells?
What is the primary function of helper T cells?
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Which cytokine is mainly responsible for the activation of CD8 killer T cells?
Which cytokine is mainly responsible for the activation of CD8 killer T cells?
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What is the main function of IgG antibodies?
What is the main function of IgG antibodies?
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What is the primary function of NK cells?
What is the primary function of NK cells?
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Which type of antigen presentation is mainly responsible for the activation of CD8 killer T cells?
Which type of antigen presentation is mainly responsible for the activation of CD8 killer T cells?
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What is the main cause of autoimmunity?
What is the main cause of autoimmunity?
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Which process involves immature self-reactive T cells occurring in primary lymphoid organs?
Which process involves immature self-reactive T cells occurring in primary lymphoid organs?
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In type 1 hypersensitivity, where does excessive histamine release primarily occur in dogs?
In type 1 hypersensitivity, where does excessive histamine release primarily occur in dogs?
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves antibody-antigen complex deposition in vessels?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves antibody-antigen complex deposition in vessels?
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What is the outcome of a self-reactive T cell in B cell immunotolerance with high avidity to self?
What is the outcome of a self-reactive T cell in B cell immunotolerance with high avidity to self?
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Which pathway of cell death involves BAX & BAK puncturing mitochondria?
Which pathway of cell death involves BAX & BAK puncturing mitochondria?
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What is the primary function of vasoactive amines like histamine and serotonin in inflammation?
What is the primary function of vasoactive amines like histamine and serotonin in inflammation?
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Which stage of inflammation is characterized by passive vasodilation that leads to swelling, pain, and impaired function?
Which stage of inflammation is characterized by passive vasodilation that leads to swelling, pain, and impaired function?
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What is the main effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) in inflammation?
What is the main effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) in inflammation?
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Which molecules play a key role in the process of leukocyte extravasation during inflammation?
Which molecules play a key role in the process of leukocyte extravasation during inflammation?
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Which molecule is responsible for the termination of inflammation by inducing apoptosis in pro-inflammatory cells?
Which molecule is responsible for the termination of inflammation by inducing apoptosis in pro-inflammatory cells?
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What is the function of complement component C2 in the complement system?
What is the function of complement component C2 in the complement system?
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In a xenograft transplant, what type of antigens are involved, causing the strongest immune rejection reaction?
In a xenograft transplant, what type of antigens are involved, causing the strongest immune rejection reaction?
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What is the primary cause of arterial occlusion in chronic rejection after several months post-transplant?
What is the primary cause of arterial occlusion in chronic rejection after several months post-transplant?
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Which strategy involves inhibiting T cell signaling to prevent excess IL-2 and T cell proliferation?
Which strategy involves inhibiting T cell signaling to prevent excess IL-2 and T cell proliferation?
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What type of graft involves moving host tissues to a different part of the animal's body, triggering no immune response?
What type of graft involves moving host tissues to a different part of the animal's body, triggering no immune response?
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What is the main role of passive vaccines in providing immediate protection?
What is the main role of passive vaccines in providing immediate protection?
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Which molecule is involved in the hyperacute rejection that occurs minutes to hours after grafting?
Which molecule is involved in the hyperacute rejection that occurs minutes to hours after grafting?
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Which type of B cell activation results in rapid IgM production, short-lived plasma cells, and no memory formation?
Which type of B cell activation results in rapid IgM production, short-lived plasma cells, and no memory formation?
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Which cytokine is responsible for the differentiation of Th1 cells and the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-y)?
Which cytokine is responsible for the differentiation of Th1 cells and the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-y)?
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Which type of T cell activation requires the presence of helper T cells to stimulate B cells, leading to isotype switching and affinity maturation?
Which type of T cell activation requires the presence of helper T cells to stimulate B cells, leading to isotype switching and affinity maturation?
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Which cytokine is mainly responsible for activating CD8 killer T cells through cross-presentation on MHC-I molecules?
Which cytokine is mainly responsible for activating CD8 killer T cells through cross-presentation on MHC-I molecules?
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What is the main function of Th17 cells in the adaptive immune response?
What is the main function of Th17 cells in the adaptive immune response?
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Which type of B cell receptor has heavy chains that determine the class of immunoglobulin (Ig) and light chains that make up the other half of the binding site?
Which type of B cell receptor has heavy chains that determine the class of immunoglobulin (Ig) and light chains that make up the other half of the binding site?
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In the pathway of T-dependent B cell activation, what is the main role of germinal centers?
In the pathway of T-dependent B cell activation, what is the main role of germinal centers?
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Which complement molecule acts as a decay accelerating factor in the alternative complement activation pathway?
Which complement molecule acts as a decay accelerating factor in the alternative complement activation pathway?
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Which MHC molecule is found on all nucleated cells and can present antigens to CD8 T cells?
Which MHC molecule is found on all nucleated cells and can present antigens to CD8 T cells?
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Which of the following complement components is an exception to the rule that 'a' is the chemoattractant and 'b' is the active enzyme?
Which of the following complement components is an exception to the rule that 'a' is the chemoattractant and 'b' is the active enzyme?
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Which complement pathway involves spontaneous activation and control by C1 inhibitor?
Which complement pathway involves spontaneous activation and control by C1 inhibitor?
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What is the main function of IgG antibodies?
What is the main function of IgG antibodies?
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What is the role of Fc receptors on B cells?
What is the role of Fc receptors on B cells?
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What is the primary function of vasodilatory prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)?
What is the primary function of vasodilatory prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)?
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Which vasoactive amine is particularly known for causing dilation of blood vessels and increased permeability?
Which vasoactive amine is particularly known for causing dilation of blood vessels and increased permeability?
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In the context of inflammation stages, which phase is characterized by active vasodilation to increase blood flow, resulting in redness and heat?
In the context of inflammation stages, which phase is characterized by active vasodilation to increase blood flow, resulting in redness and heat?
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What is the main function of plasma proteases in the inflammatory process?
What is the main function of plasma proteases in the inflammatory process?
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Which mediator of inflammation is responsible for inducing smooth muscle contraction and acting as a chemoattractant?
Which mediator of inflammation is responsible for inducing smooth muscle contraction and acting as a chemoattractant?
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What is the outcome of failing to resolve inflammation properly?
What is the outcome of failing to resolve inflammation properly?
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Which molecule serves as the starter molecule in the alternative complement activation pathway?
Which molecule serves as the starter molecule in the alternative complement activation pathway?
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Which type of cells display Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules to CD8 T cells?
Which type of cells display Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules to CD8 T cells?
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves T cell mediation and does not involve B cells or antibodies?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves T cell mediation and does not involve B cells or antibodies?
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What is the primary function of Decay Accelerating Factor in the complement system?
What is the primary function of Decay Accelerating Factor in the complement system?
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What is the primary cause of autoimmunity as described in the text?
What is the primary cause of autoimmunity as described in the text?
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Which antigen is likely involved in a positive skin test result that shows huge mixed cell swelling?
Which antigen is likely involved in a positive skin test result that shows huge mixed cell swelling?
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Which complement pathway involves mannose binding lectin (MBL) as a starter molecule?
Which complement pathway involves mannose binding lectin (MBL) as a starter molecule?
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What triggers heart disease as mentioned in the text?
What triggers heart disease as mentioned in the text?
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What is the outcome of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II binding specificity compared to MHC class I?
What is the outcome of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II binding specificity compared to MHC class I?
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What is the function of Protectin (CD59) in the complement system?
What is the function of Protectin (CD59) in the complement system?
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Which factor plays a big role in autoimmunity according to the text?
Which factor plays a big role in autoimmunity according to the text?
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Which type of antigen is most likely to be found in gram-negative bacteria?
Which type of antigen is most likely to be found in gram-negative bacteria?
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Which molecule acts as a decay accelerating factor in the alternative complement activation pathway?
Which molecule acts as a decay accelerating factor in the alternative complement activation pathway?
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Which cytokine is responsible for the differentiation of Th1 cells and the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)?
Which cytokine is responsible for the differentiation of Th1 cells and the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)?
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What is the main difference between T independent and T dependent antigens?
What is the main difference between T independent and T dependent antigens?
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Which MHC molecule is found on all nucleated cells and can present antigens to CD8 T cells?
Which MHC molecule is found on all nucleated cells and can present antigens to CD8 T cells?
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Which molecule is responsible for the termination of inflammation by inducing apoptosis in pro-inflammatory cells?
Which molecule is responsible for the termination of inflammation by inducing apoptosis in pro-inflammatory cells?
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Which type of immune cell is responsible for presenting antigens to naive T cells?
Which type of immune cell is responsible for presenting antigens to naive T cells?
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Which type of innate immune cell functions as a professional antigen-presenting cell?
Which type of innate immune cell functions as a professional antigen-presenting cell?
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In which organ do B cells mature and undergo positive and negative selection in rabbits, ruminants, dogs, and pigs?
In which organ do B cells mature and undergo positive and negative selection in rabbits, ruminants, dogs, and pigs?
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Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for killing virally infected cells and tumor cells?
Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for killing virally infected cells and tumor cells?
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Which type of immune cell is responsible for activating helper T cells through the presentation of antigens on MHC class II molecules?
Which type of immune cell is responsible for activating helper T cells through the presentation of antigens on MHC class II molecules?
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Which type of immune cell is responsible for cross-priming antigens onto MHC class I molecules to activate naive killer T cells?
Which type of immune cell is responsible for cross-priming antigens onto MHC class I molecules to activate naive killer T cells?
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Which type of immune cell primarily releases pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial infection?
Which type of immune cell primarily releases pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial infection?
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Which type of immune cell is responsible for the production of type I interferon during viral infections?
Which type of immune cell is responsible for the production of type I interferon during viral infections?
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Which immune cell receptor is responsible for recognizing carbohydrates of fungi?
Which immune cell receptor is responsible for recognizing carbohydrates of fungi?
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Which immune cell receptor is responsible for recognizing bacterial peptidoglycans?
Which immune cell receptor is responsible for recognizing bacterial peptidoglycans?
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What is the term used to describe tissues placed at a different site?
What is the term used to describe tissues placed at a different site?
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Which type of graft involves transplanting tissues between genetically different members of the same species?
Which type of graft involves transplanting tissues between genetically different members of the same species?
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What is the most frequent type of graft becoming routine for kidneys and bone marrow?
What is the most frequent type of graft becoming routine for kidneys and bone marrow?
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What is the result of the adaptive immune response that creates memory and leads to accelerated rejection upon re-grafting from the same donor?
What is the result of the adaptive immune response that creates memory and leads to accelerated rejection upon re-grafting from the same donor?
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What causes arterial occlusion due to the proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells in chronic rejection?
What causes arterial occlusion due to the proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells in chronic rejection?
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What is the primary outcome of a self-reactive T cell in central immunotolerance?
What is the primary outcome of a self-reactive T cell in central immunotolerance?
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Which type of hypersensitivity involves the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs)?
Which type of hypersensitivity involves the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs)?
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What is the process by which self-reactive T cells are eliminated in central immunotolerance?
What is the process by which self-reactive T cells are eliminated in central immunotolerance?
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Which type of immune cell is responsible for cross-presenting antigens on MHC class I molecules?
Which type of immune cell is responsible for cross-presenting antigens on MHC class I molecules?
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