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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of pharmacogenetics?
What is the primary focus of pharmacogenetics?
Which branch of pharmacology deals with the preparation and dispensing of medical drugs?
Which branch of pharmacology deals with the preparation and dispensing of medical drugs?
What does pharmacognosy primarily focus on?
What does pharmacognosy primarily focus on?
Which of the following areas is least likely to be classified under pharmacology?
Which of the following areas is least likely to be classified under pharmacology?
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What is the definition of therapeutics in pharmacology?
What is the definition of therapeutics in pharmacology?
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Which aspect of pharmacology is focused on the dangerous effects and potential poisoning from drugs?
Which aspect of pharmacology is focused on the dangerous effects and potential poisoning from drugs?
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In pharmacology, which term is related to the understanding of how drugs interact with the body?
In pharmacology, which term is related to the understanding of how drugs interact with the body?
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Which of the following fields is directly concerned with the genetic factors affecting drug responses?
Which of the following fields is directly concerned with the genetic factors affecting drug responses?
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What is the primary focus of toxicology?
What is the primary focus of toxicology?
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of aerosolized agents given by inhalation?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of aerosolized agents given by inhalation?
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What should be the goal when using therapeutics for treatment?
What should be the goal when using therapeutics for treatment?
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Which drug group is NOT related to respiratory care?
Which drug group is NOT related to respiratory care?
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What type of agents are Pentamidine classified as?
What type of agents are Pentamidine classified as?
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What is a characteristic of current therapeutics for asthma?
What is a characteristic of current therapeutics for asthma?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding drug action principles?
Which of the following statements is true regarding drug action principles?
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Which of the following can be considered when analyzing the effects of a drug in toxicology?
Which of the following can be considered when analyzing the effects of a drug in toxicology?
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What is the primary process by which a drug is transported to its sites of action, eliminated, or stored?
What is the primary process by which a drug is transported to its sites of action, eliminated, or stored?
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Which factor is most directly affected by the amount of drug in the body and its plasma concentration?
Which factor is most directly affected by the amount of drug in the body and its plasma concentration?
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What phenomenon describes the alteration of drug activity due to chronic drug administration?
What phenomenon describes the alteration of drug activity due to chronic drug administration?
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Which of these is NOT a method of transport for drug absorption?
Which of these is NOT a method of transport for drug absorption?
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What is the effect called when a drug's effect is reduced after it passes through the liver?
What is the effect called when a drug's effect is reduced after it passes through the liver?
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Which isoenzyme families are most important in drug biotransformation?
Which isoenzyme families are most important in drug biotransformation?
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What aspect of pharmacokinetics is particularly affected by the route and nature of drug inhalation?
What aspect of pharmacokinetics is particularly affected by the route and nature of drug inhalation?
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The potency of a drug is defined as the dose producing what percentage of the drug’s maximal effect?
The potency of a drug is defined as the dose producing what percentage of the drug’s maximal effect?
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Which component is NOT part of a metered dose inhaler (MDI)?
Which component is NOT part of a metered dose inhaler (MDI)?
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What is a significant factor that can affect the performance of a metered dose inhaler?
What is a significant factor that can affect the performance of a metered dose inhaler?
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Which statement about breath-actuated metered dose inhalers is correct?
Which statement about breath-actuated metered dose inhalers is correct?
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What propellant has improved drug delivery in metered dose inhalers?
What propellant has improved drug delivery in metered dose inhalers?
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What mechanism does the Respimat Soft-Mist Inhaler use for drug delivery?
What mechanism does the Respimat Soft-Mist Inhaler use for drug delivery?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the technical description of a metered dose inhaler?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the technical description of a metered dose inhaler?
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What storage condition can impact the performance of a metered dose inhaler?
What storage condition can impact the performance of a metered dose inhaler?
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Which factor is associated with the correct use of metered dose inhalers?
Which factor is associated with the correct use of metered dose inhalers?
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What is the primary reason Drug A is considered more potent than Drug B?
What is the primary reason Drug A is considered more potent than Drug B?
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Which drug has a lower maximal effect compared to another drug?
Which drug has a lower maximal effect compared to another drug?
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What does the therapeutic index (TI) represent?
What does the therapeutic index (TI) represent?
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Which of the following factors can lead to variations in patient response to drugs?
Which of the following factors can lead to variations in patient response to drugs?
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What is one advantage of aerosol delivery of drugs?
What is one advantage of aerosol delivery of drugs?
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What is one main use of aerosol therapy?
What is one main use of aerosol therapy?
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Which of the following statements about aerosol therapy is true?
Which of the following statements about aerosol therapy is true?
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In what way does aerosol therapy enhance the mobilization of respiratory secretions?
In what way does aerosol therapy enhance the mobilization of respiratory secretions?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Overview
- Pharmacology involves the study of drugs, including their preparation, effects, and therapeutic usage.
- Key branches include:
- Pharmacy: Preparation and dispensing of medications.
- Pharmacognosy: Study of drugs derived from natural sources.
- Pharmacogenetics: Effects of genetic factors on drug responses.
- Therapeutics: Application of drugs to treat disease.
- Toxicology: Study of poisons and their effects.
Respiratory Care Pharmacology
- Focuses on aerosolized agents delivered by inhalation with key benefits:
- Smaller doses with fewer side effects.
- Rapid onset of action targeting the respiratory system.
- Generally painless and safe method of delivery.
- Related drug groups include:
- Anti-infective agents (e.g., Pentamidine).
- Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA).
- Central nervous system agents (pain/anxiety).
- Antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive agents.
- Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, and diuretics.
Principles of Drug Action
-
Pharmacokinetics: The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
-
Absorption: Influenced by factors like bioavailability via:
- Aqueous and lipid diffusion.
- Carrier-mediated transport.
- Pinocytosis.
- Distribution: Drug transportation to action sites, defined by the Volume of Distribution (VD).
- Metabolism: Biotransformation of drugs, involving enzyme families like CYP1, CYP2, CYP3, and CYP4.
- Consider the first-pass effect in systemic circulation.
-
Absorption: Influenced by factors like bioavailability via:
Potency and Therapeutic Index
- Potency: Amount of drug needed to achieve 50% of its maximal effect.
- Therapeutic Index (TI): Ratio of the lethal dose for 50% of subjects (LD50) to the effective dose for 50% (ED50).
Pharmacogenetics
- Examines how genetic variations affect individual responses to drugs.
- Examples include reactions to isoniazid, succinylcholine, and isoflurane.
Aerosolized Drug Administration
- Three main uses of aerosol therapy:
- Humidification of dry gases.
- Mobilization and clearance of respiratory secretions.
- Delivery of aerosolized drugs directly to the respiratory tract.
- Advantages of aerosol delivery:
- Targeted drug action with smaller doses.
- Rapid onset and fewer systemic side effects.
Aerosol Delivery Devices
-
Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs):
- Types include conventional and breath-actuated.
- Components: canister, propellant, drug formulary, metering valve, actuator, dose counter.
- Performance can be affected by factors such as dose loss, shaking, and timing of actuation.
-
Respimat Soft-Mist Inhaler:
- Propellant-free and uses mechanical energy for drug delivery (e.g., Combivent Respimat).
Summary of Key Concepts
- Aim to use the smallest effective dose possible for treatments.
- Aerosol medications provide unique advantages, particularly in respiratory care.
- Understanding pharmacokinetics, potency, and individual genetics is essential for optimal drug therapy.
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Description
This quiz covers essential topics in pharmacology, including the key branches such as pharmacy, pharmacognosy, pharmacogenetics, therapeutics, and toxicology. It also delves into respiratory care pharmacology, focusing on aerosolized agents and their benefits. Test your knowledge on drug preparation, effects, and therapeutic usages.
