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Which side effect is specifically associated with narcotic antitussives?
What is a potential interaction of dextromethorphan?
For coughs associated with upper respiratory infections (URI), what does the American College of Chest Physicians recommend?
What is a caution for using antitussives in children?
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What class of drugs do first-generation antihistamines antagonize to reduce symptoms of allergies?
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Which of the following side effects is NOT typically associated with narcotic antitussives?
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What is a potential effect of antihistamines when used for the common cold?
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Which of the following is a known side effect of excessive use of narcotic antitussives?
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What is the benefit of using nicotine replacement therapy for smokers trying to quit?
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Which of the following best describes the impact of e-cigarettes compared to traditional cigarettes?
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What percentage of smokers typically succeed in quitting on their first attempt?
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What combination of nicotine replacement methods is considered most effective?
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What role does behavioral modification play in smoking cessation efforts?
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What is a common use for first-generation antihistamines?
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Which of the following side effects is associated with first-generation antihistamines?
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First-generation antihistamines are particularly cautioned against in which patient population?
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Which of the following is a second-generation antihistamine?
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What distinguishes second-generation antihistamines from first-generation antihistamines?
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What are some common side effects of nasal preparations?
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Which of the following is a potential interaction with first-generation antihistamines?
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Which group of patients should be approached with caution when prescribing decongestants?
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What was one significant action taken by the FDA in 2011 regarding cough and cold products?
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What is a noted difference in side effects between first and second-generation antihistamines?
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What should patients be cautioned against when using combination cough and cold formulations?
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Which of the following side effects is least likely to occur from second-generation antihistamines?
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What interaction may occur with the use of decongestants?
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Which age group faced warnings about cough and cold products being unsafe?
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Which type of medical condition should decongestants be used cautiously with?
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What feature was added to cough and cold products to enhance safety?
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What is a potential side effect of theophylline that can be fatal?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT a caution when administering theophylline?
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How should theophylline be administered via IV to minimize the risk of cardiac side effects?
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Which substance is known to decrease the effectiveness of theophylline?
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When are inhaled corticosteroids primarily used in asthma treatment?
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What is a typical purpose of bronchodilators when used alongside xanthines?
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Which drug category is most often combined with theophylline for better respiratory function?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with the side effects of theophylline?
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Study Notes
Xanthines
- Administered as sustained-release formulations alongside adrenergics and anticholinergics to enhance symptom relief and improve breathing.
- Theophylline side effects range from mild to severe, including:
- GI distress: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea; best taken with meals to minimize irritation.
- CNS stimulation: nervousness, insomnia, headaches, tremors, seizures which can be fatal.
- Cardiac issues: palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmias, particularly with rapid IV administration.
- Increased urinary frequency and mild diuresis.
- Hyperglycemia.
Cautions and Contraindications for Theophylline
- Increased serum levels due to sudden cessation of tobacco smoking.
- Not recommended for patients with cardiovascular, kidney, pulmonary, or liver dysfunction.
- Use with caution in diabetes, peptic ulcer, glaucoma, children, and older adults.
- Slow IV injection is necessary to avoid cardiac side effects.
- Careful in patients receiving influenza immunizations or during pregnancy and lactation.
Drug Interactions with Theophylline
- Increased levels due to cimetidine, allopurinol, certain antibiotics, oral contraceptives, and others.
- Reduced effectiveness with smoking, barbiturates, phenytoin, rifampin, PDE-4 inhibitors.
Bronchodilator Corticosteroids
- Used to reduce inflammation, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and control acute symptoms.
- Inhaled corticosteroids are preferred for long-term asthma management and are not for acute treatment.
- Regular use improves asthma control and reduces hospitalization and mortality.
Antitussives
- Side effects include respiratory depression, constipation, urinary retention, sedation, dizziness, and nausea.
- Caution advised for addiction-prone individuals and patients with asthma or COPD.
Antihistamines
- Block histamine action to reduce symptoms from allergies (e.g., rhinitis, conjunctivitis).
- First-generation antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine) may cause more side effects (sedation, dry mouth, urinary retention).
- Second-generation antihistamines (e.g., loratadine) are less sedating and suited for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Cautions for Antihistamines
- Contraindicated in COPD, asthma, closed-angle glaucoma, cardiovascular disorders, and older adults due to sedation risks.
Decongestants
- Used to relieve nasal congestion with side effects including palpitations, anxiety, and nausea.
- Caution in patients with cardiovascular issues, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, and pregnant or lactating women.
Cough–Cold-Allergy Products
- Combination formulations must match symptoms, and caution is necessary to avoid overdosing from overlapping ingredients.
- In 2011, the FDA removed many unapproved cough and cold products, particularly those for children due to safety concerns.
Smoking Cessation Aids
- Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable disease and death.
- Nicotine Replacement Therapies (e.g., gum, patches) double effectiveness compared to cold turkey methods.
- E-cigarettes provide a less toxic alternative to traditional smoking but lack long-term safety data.
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Description
This quiz covers the use of xanthines in respiratory therapy, focusing on their administration, potential side effects, and the interactions with other respiratory medications. Test your knowledge on the toxicity and management of xanthine-based treatments for respiratory conditions.
