Pharmacology of Cardiovascular Diseases

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What medication is recommended for a patient with diabetes?

Calcium channel blockers

Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) spray

β-blockers

ACE inhibitors (correct)

What is the recommended action if the patient's pain has not gone after 5 minutes of taking GTN?

Take a calcium channel blocker

Repeat the dose and wait for another 5 minutes (correct)

Call an ambulance immediately

Take a β-blocker

What is the first line of medication for anti-anginal therapy?

Ranolazine

Ivabradine

β-blockers and/or calcium channel blockers (correct)

Long-acting nitrates

What is a contraindication for the use of ivabradine?

Heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration that a Group 2 licence holder must stop driving after an ACS?

6 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the starting dose of ranolazine?

375mg BD Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of atrial fibrillation (AF) according to the ECG?

Chaotic, irregular atrial rhythm at 300-600bpm Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk associated with atrial fibrillation (AF)?

Embolic stroke Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of anticoagulation prior to cardioversion if AF started more than 48h ago?

To prevent intracardiac clots Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a normal QRS amongst runs of VT?

Capture beat Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a normal QRS that fuses with a VT complex creating an unusual complex?

Fusion beat Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of doing an ECG on everyone with an irregular pulse?

To rule out atrial fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of left ventricular failure?

Nocturnal cough Signup and view all the answers

What is a cause of right ventricular failure?

Pulmonary stenosis Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by pulmonary and/or peripheral oedema with or without signs of peripheral hypoperfusion?

Acute heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of excessive preload on the heart?

Ventricular dilatation Signup and view all the answers

What type of heart failure is characterized by a low cardiac output that fails to increase normally with exertion?

Low-output heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What is a cause of chronic heart failure?

Aortic stenosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic ECG finding in WPW syndrome?

Short PR interval, wide QRS complex with a slurred upstroke Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition characterized by a prolonged repolarization phase, predisposing patients to ventricular arrhythmias?

Long QT syndromes Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic ECG finding in ARVC?

Epsilon wave and T inversion in V1-V3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition characterized by a classic coved ST elevation in V1-V3?

Brugada syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the management approach for WPW syndrome?

Ablation of the accessory pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition characterized by a replacement of RV myocardium with fibro-fatty material?

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a Fontan procedure in patients with single-ventricle hearts?

Systemic venous blood flowing directly into the pulmonary arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of the lack of a right heart in patients with single-ventricle hearts?

Rapid cardiac decompensation Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for informing the DVLA about a medical condition that may affect fitness to drive?

The driver Signup and view all the answers

What should drivers do after informing the DVLA about a medical condition?

Inform their insurance company Signup and view all the answers

What is the guidance for doctors regarding patient advice on driving?

Advise patients to inform the DVLA about any medical condition Signup and view all the answers

Who should patients consult if in doubt about informing the DVLA about a medical condition?

Their defence union Signup and view all the answers