Pharmacology of Antibiotics and Toxicities
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Questions and Answers

What does 'Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder' represent?

  • Antifungal agents
  • Bacteriostatic antibiotics
  • Bactericidal antibiotics (correct)
  • Viral inhibitors

Which antibiotics are 30S protein synthesis inhibitors?

  • Tetracyclines (correct)
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Aminoglycosides (correct)
  • Erythromycin

What does 'mean' GNATS refer to?

Aminoglycosides

TMP = Treats ______ Poorly.

<p>Marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does INH stand for?

<p>Isoniazid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are rifampin's 4 R's?

<p>RNA polymerase inhibition, revs up microsomal P-450, red/orange body fluids, rapid resistance when used alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Amantadine do?

<p>Blocks viral penetration/uncoating</p> Signup and view all the answers

All protease inhibitors end in -navir.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organisms not covered by cephalosporins are ______.

<p>LAME</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organisms are covered by 1st generation cephalosporins?

<p>PEcK</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organisms are covered by 2nd generation cephalosporins?

<p>HEN PEcKS</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'amp/amox HELPSS' refer to?

<p>Clinical use of ampicillin/amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antipseudomonals include ______.

<p>TCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are beta lactamase inhibitors?

<p>Tazobactam (B), Sulbactam (C), Clavulinic Acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The toxicity of vancomycin can lead to ______.

<p>nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are treated by metronidazole?

<p>Giardia (B), Trichomonas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antimicrobials to avoid in pregnancy include ______.

<p>Clarithromycin, Sulfonamides, Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones, Metronidazole, Tetracyclines, Ribavirin, Griseofulvin, Chloramphenicol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bactericidal Antibiotics

These antibiotics kill bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Mnemonic: Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder.

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Lincomycin, Linezolid are examples of this type of antibiotic. Mnemonic: buy AT 30, CCELL (sell) at 50.

Aminoglycosides

These antibiotics bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit, interrupting the initiation complex and causing mRNA misreading. Mnemonic: 'mean' GNATS canNOT kill anaerobes.

Trimethoprim Toxicity

This drug can lead to megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, and granulocytopenia. Mnemonic: TMP = Treats Marrow Poorly

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Isoniazid Toxicity

Isoniazid can cause neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and a lupus-like syndrome. Mnemonic: INH = Injures Neurons and Hepatocytes.

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Rifampin Characteristics

It inhibits RNA polymerase, induces microsomal P-450, causes red/orange body fluids, and rapid resistance when used alone. Mnemonic: Rifampin's 4 R's.

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Antiviral Mechanism

Amantadine inhibits viral penetration and uncoating. Mnemonic: "A man to dine" takes off his coat.

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Protease Inhibitors

A class of drugs that prevent HIV from replicating by blocking the HIV protease enzyme, which is essential for virus maturation. Mnemonic: NAVIR TEASE a proTEASE.

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First-Generation Cephalosporin Coverage

The first-generation Cephalosporins cover Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and gram-positive cocci. Mnemonic: PEcK.

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Second-Generation Cephalosporin Coverage

Second-generation Cephalosporins cover Hemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., and additional Gram-negatives. Mnemonic: HEN PEcKS.

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Cephalosporin Coverage Limitations

Cephalosporins are ineffective against Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA, and Enterococci. Mnemonic: are LAME

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Clinical Use of Aminopenicillins

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin are effective against Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella, and Enterococci. Mnemonic: "amp/amox HELPSS kill enterococci"

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Antipseudomonal Antibiotics

Effective against Gram-negative rods, they include Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, Piperacillin. Mnemonic: TCP Takes Care of Pseudomonas.

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Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

They are used to extend the spectrum of penicillin by protecting it from inactivation by bacterial beta-lactamases. Mnemonic: CAST

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Vancomycin Toxicity

Vancomycin can cause Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, and Thrombophlebitis. Mnemonic: Think of vancomycin as a 'V' for Vanishing.

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Metronidazole Use

This antibiotic can be used to treat GIardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas, Gardnerella vaginalis, Anaerobes (Bacteroides, C. difficile), and H. pylori. Mnemonic: "GET GAP on the Metro!"

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Antimicrobials to Avoid in Pregnancy

Clarithromycin, Sulfonamides, Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones, Metronidazole, Tetracyclines, Ribavirin, Griseofulvin, and Chloramphenicol are some antibiotics to be cautious of in pregnancy. Mnemonic: "Countless SAFe Moms Take Really Good Care"

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Study Notes

Bactericidal Antibiotics

  • Mnemonic: Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder
  • Includes: Vancomycin, Fluoroquinolones, Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Metronidazole

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

  • Mnemonic: buy AT 30, CCELL (sell) at 50
  • 30S Inhibitors: Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines
  • 50S Inhibitors: Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Lincomycin, Linezolid

Aminoglycosides Overview

  • Mnemonic: "mean" GNATS canNOT kill anaerobes
  • Includes: Gentamycin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin
  • Characteristics:
    • Nephrotoxic (especially with cephalosporins)
    • Ototoxic (especially with loop diuretics)
    • Teratogenic
  • Mechanism: Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting initiation complex and causing mRNA misreading

Trimethoprim Toxicity

  • Mnemonic: TMP = Treats Marrow Poorly
  • Adverse effects: Megaloblastic anemia, Leukopenia, Granulocytopenia

Isoniazid Toxicity

  • Mnemonic: INH = Injures Neurons and Hepatocytes
  • Adverse effects: Neurotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity, Lupus-like syndrome

Rifampin Characteristics

  • Rifampin's 4 R's:
    • RNA polymerase inhibition
    • Induces microsomal P-450
    • Cause red/orange body fluids
    • Rapid resistance when used alone

Antiviral Mechanism

  • Mnemonic: "A man to dine" takes off his coat
  • Mechanism: Amantadine blocks viral penetration and uncoating

Protease Inhibitors

  • Mnemonic: NAVIR TEASE a proTEASE
  • All protease inhibitors end with -navir

Cephalosporin Coverage

  • Organisms not covered: Mnemonic: are LAME
    • Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA, Enterococci
  • Organisms covered by 1st gen: Mnemonic: PEcK
    • Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, gram-positive cocci
  • Organisms covered by 2nd gen: Mnemonic: HEN PEcKS
    • Hemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., additional Gram negatives

Clinical Use of Aminopenicillins

  • Mnemonic: "amp/amox HELPSS kill enterococci"
  • Treats: Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella, Enterococci
  • Amoxicillin has better oral bioavailability than ampicillin

Antipseudomonal Antibiotics

  • Mnemonic: TCP Takes Care of Pseudomonas
  • Includes: Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, Piperacillin, effective against Gram-negative rods

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

  • Mnemonic: CAST
  • Includes: Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam

Vancomycin Toxicity

  • Adverse effects: Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis

Metronidazole Use

  • Mnemonic: "GET GAP on the Metro!"
  • Treats: Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas, Gardnerella vaginalis, Anaerobes (Bacteroides, C. difficile), H. pylori (with bismuth and amoxicillin/tetracycline)

Antimicrobials to Avoid in Pregnancy

  • Mnemonic: "Countless SAFe Moms Take Really Good Care"
  • Drugs to avoid:
    • Clarithromycin (embryotoxic)
    • Sulfonamides (kernicterus)
    • Aminoglycosides (ototoxicity)
    • Fluoroquinolones (cartilage damage)
    • Metronidazole (mutagenesis)
    • Tetracyclines (discolored teeth, growth inhibition)
    • Ribavirin (teratogenic)
    • Griseofulvin (teratogenic)
    • Chloramphenicol ("gray baby syndrome")

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Description

Explore the various classes of antibiotics, including bactericidal antibiotics and protein synthesis inhibitors. This quiz covers their characteristics, mnemonics, and associated toxicities, providing a comprehensive overview of important pharmacology concepts. Test your knowledge on antibiotics and their mechanisms of action now!

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