Pharmacology Quiz: Antibiotics and Prophylaxis

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Questions and Answers

Which antibiotic is typically used for Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis in adults with a penicillin allergy?

Ciprofloxacin

Amoxicillin

Sulfoxazole

Azithromycin (correct)

Which antibiotic class inhibits folate synthesis?

Fluoroquinolones

Macrolides

Penicillins

Sulfonamides (correct)

Which antibiotic is bacteriostatic and inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit?

Ciprofloxacin

Azithromycin (correct)

Amoxicillin

Sulfoxazole

Which antibiotic is a DNA synthesis inhibitor?

Ciprofloxacin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is bactericidal?

Ciprofloxacin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage of Amoxicillin for Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis in children?

50mg/kg (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended antibiotic for Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis in children with a penicillin allergy?

Azithromycin (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the American Dental Association (ADA), is antibiotic prophylaxis recommended for prosthetic joint infections before dental treatment?

No, antibiotic prophylaxis is no longer recommended. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum daily dose of Acetaminophen?

4,000 mg (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is a COX-2 inhibitor?

Celecoxib (B), Meloxicam (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

Inhibiting COX 1 and/or COX 2 enzymes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the therapeutic effects of Aspirin?

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and inhibits clotting (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which Aspirin inhibits clotting?

By inhibiting the production of Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a therapeutic effect of Aspirin?

Anti-allergic (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Acetaminophen and Aspirin?

Both can negatively affect the liver. (B), Both are effective against fever. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for Acetaminophen?

Tylenol (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drug interactions is NOT relevant to dental practice, as indicated by the provided content?

NSAIDS and Hypotensives (A) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the given information, what is the primary mechanism by which drug A induces a decrease in the effect of drug B?

Drug A inhibits the enzyme responsible for metabolizing drug B, leading to slower breakdown and reduced effect (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drug combinations is most likely to lead to an increased risk of bleeding?

Metronidazole and Warfarin (A), NSAIDS and Anticoagulants (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms can be used to describe how drug A increases the toxicity of drug B by inhibiting its metabolism?

Inhibition (C) Signup and view all the answers

A patient is taking an NSAID and also requires an antibiotic. Based on the provided content, which antibiotic class is most likely to interact with the NSAID?

Penicillins (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of pharmacodynamics?

The study of the effects of drugs on the body, focusing on drug targets and interactions (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of drug A inducing the metabolism of drug B?

Decreased toxicity of drug B (B), Increased risk of drug B-related adverse effects (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms best describes the effect of NSAIDs on methotrexate?

Synergism (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)?

The SNS and PNS work together to maintain homeostasis and regulate the body's internal environment. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is NOT a typical response to sympathetic nervous system activation?

Pupillary constriction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?

Ionotropic receptors directly open ion channels, while metabotropic receptors activate a secondary messenger system. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autonomic nerves?

They are primarily made up of cranial nerves. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific type of receptor most commonly found in target organs of the autonomic nervous system?

Metabotropic receptors (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is a monobactam?

Aztreonam (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibiotic inhibits cell wall synthesis?

Cephalosporins (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these antibiotics is primarily used for treatment of infections caused by Pseudomonas bacteria?

Carbenicillin (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is bactericidal?

Cefepime (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common suffix for Fluoroquinolones?

-oxacin (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of cephalosporins is Cephalexin a part of?

1st Generation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit?

Doxycycline (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is NOT directly mentioned in the text as having a specific suffix?

Carbenicillin (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is an example of an indirect-acting cholinesterase inhibitor?

Physostigmine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanism of action of Atropine?

It competitively blocks muscarinic receptors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used to treat laryngospasm?

Succinylcholine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter synthesized through the following pathway: Tyrosine  L-DOPA  dopamine  NE  Epi?

Norepinephrine (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is classified as a nicotinic antagonist?

Succinylcholine (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor with high poison potential?

Insecticides and nerve gases (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used to reduce saliva production?

Scopolamine (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a monoamine neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacology Study Notes

Pharmacology is a heavily tested topic on the INBDE. A strong foundation is crucial.
Local anesthetics are categorized into amides and esters.
Amides are metabolized by the liver, and their names typically end with "-caine." Key examples include lidocaine, mepivacaine, articaine, and prilocaine.
Lidocaine is considered safe for use in children.
Mepivacaine causes the least vasodilation.
Articaine has the shortest duration of action.
Prilocaine carries a risk of methemoglobinemia, which can lead to insufficient oxygen delivery.
Esters are metabolized in plasma by pseudocholinesterase enzymes. Their names also end in "-caine." Key examples include benzocaine, cocaine, and procaine.
Benzocaine is a common topical anesthetic.
Cocaine is a vasoconstrictor.
Procaine has a prolonged duration of action, making it unsafe for children.
Local anesthetics block sodium channels in neurons, preventing the influx of sodium ions and thus pain signals.
Non-ionized (free-base) form is crucial for crossing the hydrophobic neuron membrane.
Inflammation reduces local anesthetic effectiveness.
Key concepts of pharmacokinetics are important for the INBDE. Pharmacokinetics describes how the body responds to a drug.
Protein binding increases duration of action.
Local anesthetics are categorized by their effect on blood vessels, either causing vasoconstriction (like cocaine) or vasodilation.
Maximum epinephrine dosages are important to remember, especially for healthy and cardiac patients.
Specific methods of local anesthetic injection (e.g., IAN block, buccal block, mental nerve block) and their steps are crucial.
There are different types of needles and techniques used in injections.
Side effects of antibiotics, including pseudomonas colitis, superinfection, and aplastic anemia are important, especially in the context of interactions and dosages.
Antibiotic prescriptions will depend on patient factors like age, medical history, and other medications.
Understanding the classes of antibiotics (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides) and their mechanisms of action is critical.
Key concepts of how antibiotics work, like inhibiting cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis, are critical.
Certain drug combinations are contraindicated due to potential interactions and drug effects.
Analgesics, such as acetaminophen and NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen), have specific mechanisms and side effects.
Acetaminophen (or Tylenol) is a common drug for fever and pain relief, but has a maximum daily dose.
NSAIDs (like ibuprofen and aspirin) work by inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2.
Side effects of aspirin can include GI bleeding and metabolic acidosis.
Specific steroids, given for periods of inflammation or similar conditions, have important side effects to note. Examples include prednisone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone.
The risk of adrenal insufficiency is a concern with corticosteroid therapy.
Morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone are examples of narcotics with various side effects, including an elevated risk of overdose, which requires medical intervention.
Drug schedules classify drugs based on their potential for abuse (Schedule I being the highest).
Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is another topic of note, with its special properties and side effects being important to remember.
Detailed knowledge of pharmacokinetics (stages of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, including the first-pass effect, volume of distribution) is critical.
Important principles of drug-drug interactions (competitive vs non-competitive antagonism, induction vs inhibition, drug interactions affecting metabolism, and affecting other drugs' toxicities) is very important.
There are details about the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Specific receptors (like muscarinic and adrenergic receptors) for drugs in the autonomic nervous system are relevant.
Knowledge of agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists is necessary.
Specific drugs are categorized as direct-acting or indirect-acting agonists and antagonists, or as competitive or non-competitive inhibitors.
Information on various drugs and their effects on various body systems is necessary.

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Description

Test your knowledge on antibiotics and their uses in prophylaxis, especially in cases like Infective Endocarditis. This quiz covers dosage recommendations, classifications, and mechanisms of action for various drugs. Perfect for students in pharmacology or healthcare-related fields!