Pharmacology of ACE Inhibitors and Hydralazine

<p>Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It's always best to consult with a doctor before taking any OTC medication while on prescription medications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACE inhibitors can cause kidney damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Switch to a different type of antihypertensive medication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased intracranial pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relaxation of smooth muscles in blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring serum digoxin levels and assessing for signs of toxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of digitalis toxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual disturbances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.8 to 2 ng/mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rise slowly to avoid orthostatic hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bypass first-pass metabolism in the liver. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Take a third tablet and immediately call 911. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary edema. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol can enhance the effects of nitroglycerin, leading to an increased risk of hypotension. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One tablet every 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 3 tablets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PDE-5 inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administering the medication intravenously. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol microembolization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect early signs of bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aminocaproic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For 24 hours after therapy has been discontinued (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspirin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Itching, hives, and dyspnea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stroke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 to 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients with prosthetic heart valves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purple-toe syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor the effectiveness of the anticoagulant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 30 mL/hr (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase fluid intake to prevent dehydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting the influx of calcium into cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood sugar levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor for hyperkalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition of low potassium levels in the blood, increasing risk of digitalis toxicity.

Symptoms include muscle weakness, leg cramps, and cardiac dysrhythmias.

Certain drugs like corticosteroids and licorice can cause reactions with digoxin.

A diuretic like Spironolactone that retains potassium while promoting sodium and water excretion.

Weigh patients daily to track fluid gain or loss, indicating diuretic effectiveness.

Symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, cramps, and tachycardia, progressing to bradycardia.

Medications used to treat hypertension and coronary artery disease by reducing heart contractility.

Advise avoiding high-potassium foods and not stopping medication without guidance.

Medications like Lisinopril that treat hypertension and heart failure.

Common effects include dizziness, fatigue, and a dry cough.

Severe effects like angioedema, orthostatic hypotension, and renal impairment.

Regular checks to ensure blood pressure remains stable, especially after medication changes.

Guidelines provided to patients about medication use and safety precautions.

Notify healthcare providers of severe symptoms like bruising or bleeding.

A drop in blood pressure upon standing, which can occur with certain medications.

Medications like Hydralazine used to treat moderate to severe hypertension.

Relaxation of smooth muscles in blood vessels causing vasodilation, primarily in arteries.

Monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and watch for lupus-like symptoms in patients.

Includes hypotension, reflex tachycardia, palpitations, and lupus-like symptoms.

Digoxin is used to treat heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and tachycardia.

Inhibits sodium-potassium ATPase, increasing calcium influx, improving cardiac contraction and output.

Anorexia, nausea, bradycardia, and visual disturbances indicate toxicity from digoxin.

The normal range is 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L; low levels increase digoxin toxicity risk.

A medication that promotes the breakdown of blood clots enhancing fibrinolysis in cases like MI and stroke.

It's used to dissolve clots in acute MI, PE, ischemic stroke, and occluded IV catheters within specified times.

Alteplase converts plasminogen to plasmin, which digests fibrin clots and initiates fibrinolysis.

Monitor vital signs closely for changes indicating blood loss or shock after thrombolytic therapy.

Observe for signs of active bleeding in patients receiving thrombolytics, particularly after therapy.

Aminocaproic acid is used to inhibit thrombolysis and stop bleeding.

Common side effects include nausea, rash, infection, and epistaxis; watch for serious allergic reactions.

Patients and families should be explained the procedure and potential side effects; support is important.

Administer SL nitroglycerin for chest pain; don’t swallow.

Onset of SL nitrates is 1-3 minutes after administration.

Administer a second dose of nitroglycerin after 5 minutes if pain persists.

Common side effects include headache, hypotension, and dizziness.

Severe reactions include orthostatic hypotension and methemoglobinemia.

Call 911 if chest pain persists after 3 tablets and avoid alcohol.

Anticoagulant used to prevent thrombosis in various conditions.

Inhibits vitamin K synthesis affecting clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.

Not recommended for patients with bleeding disorders, ulcers, CVA, and severe hypertension.

Prothrombin time (PT) should be 1.25-2.5 times control; INR should be 2-3 except for certain patients.

Look for petechiae, purpura, hematuria, and check for occult blood in stools.

Phytonadione (vitamin K1) is the antagonist for warfarin overdose or uncontrolled bleeding.

Common side effects include headache, alopecia, and ecchymosis.

Serious reactions include purple toe syndrome, hematuria, and bleeding in multiple sites.

Patients should inform their dentist about anticoagulant use to prevent bleeding complications.

Patients should shave with an electric razor to prevent cuts that are hard to control.