Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics?
What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics?
Which route of drug administration involves bypassing the gastrointestinal tract?
Which route of drug administration involves bypassing the gastrointestinal tract?
Which stage of drug processing refers to the release of the drug from its dosage form?
Which stage of drug processing refers to the release of the drug from its dosage form?
What is the role of an antagonist in drug interactions?
What is the role of an antagonist in drug interactions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor does not influence the metabolism stage of drug processing?
Which factor does not influence the metabolism stage of drug processing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is referred to as the onset of action for a drug?
What is referred to as the onset of action for a drug?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best defines the peak action of a drug?
Which of the following best defines the peak action of a drug?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done if a drug blood level is found to be high?
What should be done if a drug blood level is found to be high?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of reaction occurs when an unusual or abnormal effect is observed after the first administration of a drug?
Which type of reaction occurs when an unusual or abnormal effect is observed after the first administration of a drug?
Signup and view all the answers
When a patient unexpectedly suffers cardiac arrest after the administration of a drug with a long safety history, what type of reaction could this be classified as?
When a patient unexpectedly suffers cardiac arrest after the administration of a drug with a long safety history, what type of reaction could this be classified as?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term half-life refer to in drug therapy?
What does the term half-life refer to in drug therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes an antagonistic effect in drug interactions?
Which of the following best describes an antagonistic effect in drug interactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What are idiosyncratic reactions in the context of drug administration?
What are idiosyncratic reactions in the context of drug administration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of medications?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of medications?
Signup and view all the answers
What is meant by a drug interaction?
What is meant by a drug interaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sequence correctly lists the processes involved in drug handling in the body?
Which sequence correctly lists the processes involved in drug handling in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary organ responsible for drug metabolism in the body?
What is the primary organ responsible for drug metabolism in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of administration is associated with the fastest absorption rate?
Which route of administration is associated with the fastest absorption rate?
Signup and view all the answers
What affects the rate of drug absorption significantly when administered subcutaneously?
What affects the rate of drug absorption significantly when administered subcutaneously?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main component that influences the distribution of a drug in the body?
What is the main component that influences the distribution of a drug in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the concept of half-life impact drug dosage decision-making?
How does the concept of half-life impact drug dosage decision-making?
Signup and view all the answers
What major organ is responsible for excreting drugs and their metabolites from the body?
What major organ is responsible for excreting drugs and their metabolites from the body?
Signup and view all the answers
In what condition might some drugs not effectively reach their pharmacological target?
In what condition might some drugs not effectively reach their pharmacological target?
Signup and view all the answers
What is meant by drug interactions that alter absorption?
What is meant by drug interactions that alter absorption?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about unbound drugs is true?
Which statement about unbound drugs is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs when the metabolism of a drug is inhibited?
What occurs when the metabolism of a drug is inhibited?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of how drug interactions can alter excretion?
What is an example of how drug interactions can alter excretion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term describes the occurrence when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects?
Which term describes the occurrence when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first step to manage alterations in absorption due to drug interactions?
What is the first step to manage alterations in absorption due to drug interactions?
Signup and view all the answers
How can drug interactions affect the distribution of drugs?
How can drug interactions affect the distribution of drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
Why might a nurse administer morphine intravenously for postoperative pain?
Why might a nurse administer morphine intravenously for postoperative pain?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Chapter 2: Basic Principles of Drug Action and Drug Interactions
- This chapter addresses basic principles of drug action and interactions
- The text is a portion of the 19th edition of Clayton's Basic Pharmacology for Nurses
- The lesson is a three-part overview
Lesson 2.1: Basic Principles of Drug Action and Drug Interactions (Part 1 of 3)
- Learning objectives include identifying common drug administration routes, understanding half-life in drug therapy, and describing drug metabolism.
Lesson 2.1: Basic Principles of Drug Action and Drug Interactions (Part 2 of 3)
- Learning objectives include comparing and contrasting terms like desired action, common adverse effects, allergic reactions and idiosyncratic reactions and identifying what a drug interaction is.
- The chapter outlines terms like desired action, adverse effects & allergic reactions, and idiosyncratic reactions.
Lesson 2.1: Basic Principles of Drug Action and Drug Interactions (Part 3 of 3)
- Learning objectives include differentiating between additive effect, synergistic effect, antagonistic effect, displacement, interference, and incompatibility. Also, identifying how alternatives in metabolism create drug interactions.
Drug Responses in the Body
- Drug receptors are specific sites where drugs form chemical bonds
- Pharmacodynamics studies interactions between drugs and their receptors and associated responses.
- Agonists interact with receptors to stimulate a response
- Antagonists attach to receptors but don't stimulate a response.
Routes of Drug Administration
- Enteral routes involve the gastrointestinal tract (oral, rectal, nasogastric)
- Parenteral routes bypass the GI tract (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous injection)
- Percutaneous absorption involves skin and mucous membranes (Inhalation, sublingual, topical)
Drug Stages After Administration (LADME)
- Liberation: Drug release from the dosage form and dissolving in body fluids.
- Absorption: Depends on the route of administration, blood flow, and drug solubility.
- Distribution: Depends on circulation, moving throughout the body.
- Metabolism: Relies on enzyme systems to process and inactivate drugs.
- Excretion: Removal of drug metabolites and active drugs, primarily through kidneys and sometimes feces.
Liberation
- Drug is released from its dosage form and dissolved in body fluid.
- Oral drug conversion is impacted by stomach contents (food & water).
Audience Response Question 1
- The correct order of pharmacokinetic processes is liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Absorption
- Drugs move from the entry site into the body's circulatory fluids.
- Factors influencing absorption rate include route, blood flow, and drug solubility.
- Intravenous medications absorb the fastest.
- Topical medications' absorption depends on skin thickness & hydration.
Audience Response Question 2
- Intravenous administration offers the fastest distribution rate.
Distribution
- Drugs are transported throughout the body by body fluids.
- Protein binding and fat solubility affect distribution.
- Organs with high blood flow receive drugs first.
- Certain drugs can't pass blood-brain or placental barriers.
Metabolism
- The body inactivates drugs, a process primarily occurring in the liver (other sites include the GI tract and lungs).
Excretion
- The body removes drug metabolites and active drugs.
- Kidneys are the primary excretion organ; some drugs are excreted through the feces.
Half-Life of Drugs
- Factors affect the amount of drug reaching a site of action after a single oral dose.
Audience Response Question 3
- If a drug has a 6-hour half-life and a 50mg initial dose, 6.25mg will remain in the body after 24 hours.
Drug Actions
- Onset of action: Drug concentration at the site of action sufficient for a response
- Peak action: Highest drug concentration at the target receptor sites
- Duration of action: How long a drug produces a response.
Drug Blood Level
- Measuring drug concentration in the blood is important, especially for drugs like anticonvulsants
- Dosage can need adjusting based on blood levels (lower = increase, higher = decrease)
Adverse Effects of Drugs
- Desired action
- Side effects
- Adverse effects (common and serious)
- Idiosyncratic reactions (unusual response)
- Allergic reactions (immune response).
Audience Response Question 4
- An unexpected and serious (uncommon) response to a drug, in the scenario described, is called an idiosyncratic reaction.
Drug Interactions
- One drug's action is altered by another drug
- Drug interactions occur due to:
- Increasing drug action (by combined agents)
- Decreasing drug effectiveness (by combined agents)
Changes in Absorption
- Most drug interactions altering absorption occur within the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Factors like antacids influencing gastric pH can affect absorption (e.g., inhibiting ketoconazole absorption)
Changes in Distribution
- Interactions affecting distribution usually involve binding or unbinding of different drugs to inactive sites in the body.
- Free (unbound) drugs are pharmacologically active.
Changes in Metabolism
- Drug interactions change metabolism processes by inhibiting or inducing enzymes that break down drugs.
- Concurrent drugs often affect serum drug levels.
Changes in Excretion
- Drug interactions alter excretion mainly by affecting kidney activity and changing kidney pH within the kidney tubules.
Drug Interaction Types
- Additive effect
- Synergistic effect
- Antagonistic effect
- Displacement
- Interference
- Incompatibility
Audience Response Question 5
- The reaction described, where a drug decreases the effect of another drug, is considered an antagonistic effect.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fundamental principles of drug action and interactions as outlined in Chapter 2 of Clayton's Basic Pharmacology for Nurses. This quiz covers drug administration routes, metabolism, desired actions, adverse effects, and drug interactions, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of pharmacological concepts. Perfect for nursing students seeking to enhance their knowledge in pharmacology.
