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Questions and Answers
What is a common symptom of dry eye disease?
What is a common symptom of dry eye disease?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a bacterial infection of the eye?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a bacterial infection of the eye?
What class of drugs is typically used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma treatment?
What class of drugs is typically used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma treatment?
Which drug-related issue is particularly significant in the context of eye medications?
Which drug-related issue is particularly significant in the context of eye medications?
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What precautionary measure should be highlighted on labeling for medications used to treat ophthalmic infections?
What precautionary measure should be highlighted on labeling for medications used to treat ophthalmic infections?
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Which type of drug works by mimicking the action of acetylcholine to decrease intraocular pressure (IOP)?
Which type of drug works by mimicking the action of acetylcholine to decrease intraocular pressure (IOP)?
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What is the primary action of prostaglandin analogs in ocular treatments?
What is the primary action of prostaglandin analogs in ocular treatments?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for using ophthalmic medications?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using ophthalmic medications?
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What mechanism of action do cholinergic agonists have when used in glaucoma treatment?
What mechanism of action do cholinergic agonists have when used in glaucoma treatment?
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Which pair of drugs is considered look-alike or sound-alike in the context of medications that increase aqueous humor drainage?
Which pair of drugs is considered look-alike or sound-alike in the context of medications that increase aqueous humor drainage?
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Which type of glaucoma is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of aqueous humor?
Which type of glaucoma is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of aqueous humor?
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Which drug class is NOT used to decrease the formation of aqueous humor in glaucoma treatment?
Which drug class is NOT used to decrease the formation of aqueous humor in glaucoma treatment?
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What is the primary mechanism of beta-adrenergic antagonists in treating glaucoma?
What is the primary mechanism of beta-adrenergic antagonists in treating glaucoma?
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Which of the following infections is caused by bacteria and may lead to severe corneal infection?
Which of the following infections is caused by bacteria and may lead to severe corneal infection?
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Which of the following is a drug used to treat viral infections of the eye?
Which of the following is a drug used to treat viral infections of the eye?
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Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with uveitis?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with uveitis?
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What clinical condition is indicated by the presence of floaters and photopsia in an HIV/AIDS patient?
What clinical condition is indicated by the presence of floaters and photopsia in an HIV/AIDS patient?
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Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated fusarium keratitis?
Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated fusarium keratitis?
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Which statement about angle-closure glaucoma is true?
Which statement about angle-closure glaucoma is true?
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What type of drug is primarily used in the treatment of helminthic infections of the eye?
What type of drug is primarily used in the treatment of helminthic infections of the eye?
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Which of the following BEST describes the action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in glaucoma treatment?
Which of the following BEST describes the action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in glaucoma treatment?
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Which drug is commonly used to treat bacterial infections of the eye?
Which drug is commonly used to treat bacterial infections of the eye?
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What is a primary role of mydriatics in ophthalmic treatment?
What is a primary role of mydriatics in ophthalmic treatment?
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Which of the following combinations is a look-alike/sound-alike drug pair for bacterial infections of the eye?
Which of the following combinations is a look-alike/sound-alike drug pair for bacterial infections of the eye?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians, 4th Ed
- Textbook authored by Kathy Moscou PhD RPh MPH and Karen Snipe CPHT AS BA MEd
- Copyright © 2025 by Elsevier, Inc.
Chapter 15: Treatment of Diseases of the Eye
- Focuses on the treatment of eye diseases, specifically glaucoma and ophthalmic infections.
- Includes learning objectives for the lesson, such as: learning terminology, listing & categorizing medications, describing mechanisms of action, identifying look-alike/sound-alike drugs, and recognizing warning labels.
Lesson 15.1: Treatment of Diseases of the Eye
- Students should learn terminology related to eye conditions and treatment of glaucoma and ophthalmic infections.
- Students should list and categorize medications used for such treatments.
- Students should explain the mechanisms of action for different drug classes employed.
- Students must identify potential look-alike and sound-alike problems with eye medications.
- Students should distinguish warning labels and precautions relevant to medications for glaucoma and ophthalmic diseases.
Key Terms
- Angle-closure glaucoma
- Aqueous humor
- Blepharitis
- Conjunctivitis (pink eye)
- Cytomegalovirus retinitis
- Dry eye disease
- Herpes simplex keratitis
- Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
- Intraocular pressure
- Iritis
- Keratitis
- Open-angle glaucoma
- Peripheral vision
- Photopsia
- Stye
- Uveitis
- Vitreous floaters
Dry Eye Disease
- Eyes fail to produce sufficient tears or tear quality is undesirable, leading to rapid evaporation.
- Excessive tearing is frequently a symptom.
- Inflammation on the ocular surface might occur.
- Untreated condition can induce pain, corneal ulcers, scarring, and vision loss.
Bacterial Infections of the Eye
- Stye (hordeolum): A small, painful lump on the eyelid margin, arising from a bacterial infection in the oil glands, commonly resolving on its own within a few days.
- Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelid (anterior and posterior types).
- Anterior: Typically caused by bacteria and scalp dandruff.
- Posterior: Stems from issues with eyelid oil glands, seborrhea, psoriasis, or acne rosacea.
- Symptoms include eye pain/burning, excessive tearing or a feeling of something in the eye, light sensitivity, blurry vision, dry eye, and flaky scales on eyelids and lashes.
- Conjunctivitis: Infection of the conjunctiva due to allergies, bacteria, or viruses. Characterized by itching, burning, and teary discharge; contagious in bacterial forms.
- Iritis: Iris inflammation.
- Unknown cause to known causes such as herpes viruses, autoimmune diseases, eye trauma, and infectious diseases (e.g., histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, tuberculosis), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
- Symptoms incorporate redness, blurry vision, eye inflammation, pain and light sensitivity.
- Keratitis: Infection or inflammation of the cornea.
- Causes include severe infection by bacteria or fungi or trauma, immunodeficiency, or chronic eye surface diseases.
- Uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea (middle layer of the eye).
- Symptoms involve redness, blurry vision, pain, inflammation, and light sensitivity, sometimes developing gradually.
Viral Infections of the Eye
- Cytomegalovirus retinitis: Opportunistic infection in HIV/AIDS patients. Presents decreased vision, eye pain, floaters, photopsia and can also cause blindness.
- Herpetic eye disease encompasses:
- Herpes zoster ophthalmicus.
- Herpes simplex keratitis.
- Symptoms include eye pain, redness, and corneal cloudiness.
Fungal Infections of the Eye
- Fusarium keratitis: Fungal infection of the cornea, frequently found in soft contact lens wearers, untreated, it may cause blindness. Treated with antifungal medications (e.g., Natamycin)..
Parasitic Infections of the Eye
- Helminthic infections involve:
- Onchocerciasis
- Cysticercosis
- Toxocariasis.
Drugs Used to Treat Fungal and Parasitic Eye Infections
- Fusarium keratitis treatment: Natamycin
- Toxoplasmosis treatment: Sulfonamides, pyrimethamine
Drugs Used to Treat Helminthic Eye Infections
- Albendazole, Ivermectin, and Praziquantel
Glaucoma
- Progressive eye structure damage occurs, leading to vision loss, starting with peripheral vision.
- Central vision remains until later stages.
- Diagnosed via tonometry.
Pathophysiology of Glaucoma
- Open-angle glaucoma: Abnormal aqueous humor accumulation causing increased intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting in optic nerve degeneration.
- Angle-closure glaucoma: Inflammation of the angle or obstruction of the trabecular meshwork angle creating issues with aqueous humor drainage leading to sudden increases in IOP possibly causing blindness if not treated promptly..
Treatments for Glaucoma
- Eye medications that decrease aqueous humor formation and promote its outflow.
Drugs That Decrease Aqueous Humor Formation
- Beta-adrenergic antagonists (beta-blockers)
- Inhibit epinephrine and norepinephrine's action on ciliary body blood vessels.
- Alpha-adrenergic agonists
- Prevent elevated IOP by reducing blood flow in the ciliary body.
- Decrease aqueous humor formation.
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- Decrease production of aqueous humor by affecting the conversion of CO2 and water into bicarbonate.
- Adrenergic agonists
- Constrict blood vessels in the ciliary body, decreasing aqueous humor production.
Drugs That Increase Aqueous Humor Drainage
- Cholinergic agonists (parasympathomimetics)
- Acts on receptors, mimicking acetylcholine, contracting ciliary muscles and pupil.
- Dilate the trabecular meshwork, thereby reducing IOP.
- Cholinesterase inhibitors
- Inhibit the enzyme that deactivates acetylcholine, prolonging its effects.
- Prostaglandin analogs
- Mimic prostaglandin F2a, relaxing ciliary muscles and dilating the trabecular meshwork for enhanced aqueous humor outflow.
Look-Alike/Sound-Alike Drugs
- Given in separate sections for bacterial, viral, and glaucoma treatment medications.
Warning Labels and Precautions
- Specific instructions for handling medications are presented.
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Description
This quiz covers Chapter 15 from the 'Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians' textbook, focusing on the treatment of eye diseases like glaucoma and infections. Students will learn essential terminology, categorize medications, and understand mechanisms of action. The quiz also addresses look-alike/sound-alike drug issues and identifies important warning labels.
