Questions and Answers
What are the types of hypertension?
Secondary Hypertension refers to cases where the causes are not identifiable.
False
What is the role of the cardiovascular system?
Thermoregulation and distribution of nutrients, in addition to the flow of blood.
Which of the following are non-pharmacologic treatments for hypertension? (Select all that apply)
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How is hypertension commonly diagnosed?
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Hypertension is known as the ___ killer due to its often silent symptoms.
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High blood pressure readings can cause serious health issues.
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Study Notes
Anatomy of the Heart
- The cardiovascular system is integral to both the organ and immune systems.
- Responsible for thermoregulation and nutrient distribution.
- Facilitates the flow of blood throughout the body.
Anatomy of the Kidney
- Blood filtration occurs in the glomerulus, removing waste products.
- Essential substances like water, glucose, and amino acids are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
- Waste products and excess ions are secreted into tubules to form urine.
- Urine is stored in the bladder and excreted via the urethra.
Types of Hypertension
- Primary Hypertension (Essential Hypertension) has no identifiable cause, commonly linked to genetics, diet, lifestyle, and age, primarily affecting adults.
- Secondary Hypertension has identifiable and potentially reversible causes, accounting for only 5% to 10% of cases.
Clinical Manifestations of Hypertension
- Symptoms may include blurred vision, chest pain, headaches, and shortness of breath.
Complications of Hypertension
- Can lead to vision impairment, aneurysm, kidney disease, heart disease, and heart failure.
Causative Agents of Hypertension
- Factors include genetic predisposition, psychological stress, environmental influences, and dietary choices.
Non-Pharmacologic Treatment for Hypertension
- Recommended approaches:
- Diet modifications
- Weight loss
- Increased physical activity
- Smoking cessation
Pharmacological Treatment for Hypertension
-
Hydrochlorothiazide (Category B):
- Mechanism of Action (MOA): Blocks Na/Cl transporter in renal distal convoluted tubule.
- Common Side Effects: Weakness, dizziness, headaches, erectile dysfunction, tingling, photosensitivity, and muscle spasms.
- Note: Combining Hydrochlorothiazide with NSAIDs may increase the risk of kidney issues.
Blood Pressure Overview
- Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
- High blood pressure, often termed a "silent killer," can cause injury to the heart, kidneys, and brain before any symptoms are noticed.
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Description
This quiz covers Chapter 1 of Pharmacology 2, focusing on the anatomy of the heart and kidneys, as well as the types of hypertension. Test your understanding of the cardiovascular and renal systems, their functions, and their interrelation. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge in these critical areas of pharmacology.
