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Questions and Answers
Which pumping chambers of the heart are responsible for pulmonary circulation?
Which pumping chambers of the heart are responsible for pulmonary circulation?
What is the primary role of systemic circulation?
What is the primary role of systemic circulation?
Which blood vessels are specifically designed to handle high-pressure blood flow?
Which blood vessels are specifically designed to handle high-pressure blood flow?
What percentage of human body weight is typically constituted by blood?
What percentage of human body weight is typically constituted by blood?
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Which of the following components is NOT part of the cellular constituents of blood?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the cellular constituents of blood?
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What is the primary role of the nephron in the kidney?
What is the primary role of the nephron in the kidney?
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Which of the following correctly describes how the cardiovascular system functions?
Which of the following correctly describes how the cardiovascular system functions?
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Which hormone is NOT secreted by the kidneys?
Which hormone is NOT secreted by the kidneys?
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How do the kidneys maintain blood pressure?
How do the kidneys maintain blood pressure?
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Which component is NOT part of the urinary (renal) system?
Which component is NOT part of the urinary (renal) system?
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Which statement best describes the structure of the heart?
Which statement best describes the structure of the heart?
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What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation loop?
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation loop?
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What is the primary anatomical feature that distinguishes the systemic circulation loop?
What is the primary anatomical feature that distinguishes the systemic circulation loop?
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Flashcards
Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation
The transportation of deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and returns to the left side of the heart.
Systemic Circulation
Systemic Circulation
The transport of oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues of the body (except the heart and lungs), returning deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart.
Blood Vessels
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels are like highways, moving blood efficiently throughout the body.
Lumen
Lumen
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Blood
Blood
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Physiology
Physiology
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What makes up the Urinary system?
What makes up the Urinary system?
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Nephron
Nephron
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What are the major functions of the kidneys?
What are the major functions of the kidneys?
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What makes up the Cardiovascular system?
What makes up the Cardiovascular system?
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Describe the heart
Describe the heart
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What are the two main circulatory loops?
What are the two main circulatory loops?
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What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?
What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Physiology
- Physiology is the branch of biology studying the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts.
- It examines all systems of the human body and their interactions.
Renal System
- The urinary (renal) system consists of two kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
- The kidneys filter blood, regulating fluid osmolarity, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood pressure.
Major Functions of the Kidneys
- Regulation: Body fluid osmolarity and volume, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood pressure.
- Excretion: Metabolic products, foreign substances, excess substances (water, etc.).
- Secretion: Erythropoietin, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (vitamin D activation), renin, prostaglandin.
Cardiovascular System
- The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste throughout the body.
- It is powered by the heart, a muscular organ approximately the size of a closed fist.
- At rest, the average heart pumps over 5 liters of blood throughout the body every minute.
The Heart
- The heart is a muscular pumping organ located medially within the thoracic cavity.
- The apex (bottom tip) is turned to the left, with about two-thirds of the heart on the left side of the body.
- The base (top of the heart) connects to major blood vessels (aorta, vena cava, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins).
- The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.
Heart Valves
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves: Tricuspid valve (right side), Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side).
- Semilunar valves: Pulmonary semilunar valve (right side), Aortic semilunar valve (left side).
Circulatory Loops
- There are two primary circulatory loops:
- Pulmonary circulation: Transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs (to pick up oxygen) and returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart. Driven by the right atrium and ventricle.
- Systemic circulation: Transports highly oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all body tissues (except the lungs) to deliver oxygen and nutrients, and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart. Driven by the left atrium and ventricle.
Blood Vessels
- Blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins) are the body's highways for blood transport.
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart; capillaries facilitate exchange between blood and tissues.
- Blood vessels have a hollow lumen for blood flow, with walls varying in thickness based on function (thin capillaries for exchange, thick arteries for pressure).
Blood
- Blood (7-8% of human body weight) is a vital fluid for carrying out essential functions such as transporting oxygen and nutrients, removing carbon dioxide and waste products, maintaining temperature, and participating in immune responses.
- Blood is composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%): red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.
Structure of Nephron
- The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
- It filters blood, regulates water and solute concentrations, and excretes waste products as urine.
- The nephron consists of the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.
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Description
Test your knowledge of physiology with this quiz focused on the renal and cardiovascular systems. Explore key functions of the kidneys and the vital role of the cardiovascular system in maintaining overall body function.
