Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between ascending and descending infections?
Ascending infections come from the urinary tract, while descending infections come from the bloodstream.
What is a major risk factor for urinary stones?
Highly concentrated urine
Why is the renal papilla susceptible to toxic injury and ascending infections?
Slower flow rate and hypoxic environment in the renal papilla
What is a potential consequence of kidney damage?
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What is a common cause of kidney damage?
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What is the primary cause of hypertension in renal failure patients?
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Why are females more susceptible to ascending infections?
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What is the primary mechanism of edema formation in renal failure?
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What is the primary cause of anabolic acidosis in renal failure?
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What is the primary consequence of hyperkalemia in renal failure?
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What is the primary cause of bone weakening in renal failure?
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What is the primary consequence of decreased EPO production in renal failure?
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Which of the following is a common malignancy affecting the male urinary system?
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What is a common consequence of glomerulonephritis?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- Renal failure leads to systemic hypertension due to overactivation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- Increased renin release causes more Angiotensin II and Aldosterone to be released, increasing vascular resistance and blood volume, leading to hypertension
- Heart rate increases to compensate, further exacerbating hypertension
Haematological System
- Renal failure causes a decrease in EPO production, leading to a decrease in RBCs and oxygen-carrying capacity
- Anemia results, causing lethargy, poor concentration, and memory impairment
- To compensate, the heart works harder, increasing heart rate and leading to systemic hypertension
Skeletal System
- Renal failure leads to weak bones due to decreased vitamin D activation
- Calcium ions are lost in urine, causing bones to release calcium, leading to renal osteodystrophy and pathologic fractures
- Calcium release from bones leads to soft tissue calcification and accelerates atherosclerosis
Urinary System
- Renal failure causes oedema due to increased blood volume and decreased oncotic pressure
- Hydrostatic pressure increases, causing fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces
- Oedema worsens due to excess proteins being lost in urine, decreasing oncotic pressure
Other Consequences
- Renal failure causes anabolic acidosis due to decreased excretion of H+ ions and decreased bicarbonate reabsorption
- This leads to hyperkalemia and arrhythmia
- Renal failure increases the risk of malignancies, such as nephroblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma
- Glomerulonephritis can occur due to immune system disorders, infections, genetic factors, and toxins, leading to decreased kidney function, proteinuria, hypertension, and oedema
- The renal papilla is susceptible to toxic injury and ascending infections due to slower flow rate, hypoxic environment, and high urine concentration
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