Pharmaceutical Care and Pharmacy Services

Study Notes

Roles of a Pharmacist

Provide patient-oriented clinical services through pharmacy
Dispense non-prescribing drugs without a prescription
Unable to dispense prescribing drugs without a prescription

Pharmaceutical Care

Defined as a responsibility for managing a patient's drug therapy to resolve current problems and prevent future related health problems
Five domains related to pharmaceutical care:
- Risk management
  - Report adverse drug events to local health authorities
  - Document therapeutic interventions and activities
  - Obtain over-the-counter medication therapy
  - Calculate dosage for drugs with narrow therapeutic index and special populations
- Patient-centered care delivery
  - Provide services directed to the patient, considering social and economic circumstances
  - Promote patient wellness
  - Monitor patient health through maintaining caring and friendly relationships
  - Counsel patients on new and refill medications
- Disease and medication therapy management
  - Provide services directed to medication therapeutic plan
  - Provide information to patients on how to deal with a disease
  - Review medication treatment plan and deal with medical errors

Management and Leadership

Management: the process of bringing all resources together to reach organizational goals
Leadership: the ability to guide, inspire, and direct others to execute the managerial plan
Five management functions:
- Forecast and plan
- Organize, coordinate, and staff
- Direct and control
- Evaluate
14 principles that define management functions:
- Specialization
- Authority with corresponding responsibility
- Discipline
- Unity of command
- Unity of direction
- Subordination of individual interest to general interest
- Remuneration of staff
- Centralization
- Line of authority
- Order
- Equity
- Stability of tenure
- Initiative
- Esprit de corps

Directing and Leading

Directing: manager should direct employees to perform efficiently to reach organizational goals
Requires good communication, leadership, and motivation skills

Co-ordinating

Establishing relationships among different departments to pull in the direction of organizational objectives
Basic features:
- Continuous process
- Orderly arrangements
- Secure unity of action towards organizational objectives

Controlling and Evaluating

Ensuring that performances are consistent with organizational goals
Controlling involves:
- Measurement of performance against settled goals
- Identification of deviations from goals
- Corrective action for deviations

Management Resources

Managers need resources to perform management functions
Steps in planning process:
- Define or orient the planning process
- Assess current situation
- Establish goals
- Identify strategies
- Establish objectives
- Define responsibilities and timeline
- Write and communicate the plan
- Monitor and evaluate progress

Strategic Planning

Defined as a long-term planning process to select an organization's goals, policies, objectives, strategies, and use of resources
Two types of strategic planning:
- Reactive planning
- Proactive planning
Vision, mission, and strategy:
- Vision: what the organization wants to be in the future
- Mission: the purpose of the company
- Strategy: how to reach the vision

Business Plan

A written document that describes the current status, expected needs, and projected results of a new business
Includes project, marketing, research, financing, and timetable
Main purpose: to provide investors a clear description of the new business
7 points to avoid in a business plan:
- Plan is too short
- Plan is poorly prepared
- No clear statement of team members' qualifications
- Financial projections are unreasonably optimistic
- Unclear why customers will be interested in the service or product
- Unclear where and how the product will be produced in large quantities
- Executive summary is too long and does not get the point directly

Description

Learn about the role of pharmacists in providing patient-oriented clinical services, dispensing medications, and pharmaceutical care management. Understand the concept of pharmaceutical care and its five domains.